Digestive System 2

iuyr jsIhh tall fldgia  ms<sn| oekqu icSjSlrK iu. animescience.webatu.com fj;ska ,nd  .ekSug W;aidy lrkak  

Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu wjYH m%Yak m;%h i|yd fj; biounquest.blogspot.com  msjsfikak'                                                                            fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoSS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu  Wiia fm< jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

4  1 3  fmdaIKh

1  w;HjYH fmdaIl ksjeros wkqmd;hkaf.ka hq;a wydrhla ljr kulska ye|skafjhs o2

;=,s; wdydrhla

2 tys w;HjYH ix>gl fudkjd o@

ldfndayhsvsf¾g $,smsv $fm%dagsk $;ka;=$Lksc$jsguska

3 i;aj w;audj ldfndayhsvsf¾g m%Njhla f,I y|qkajkafka wehs@

ixps; .a,hsfldcka ksid

4 foayh ;=, ixiaf,aIKh fkdjk weuhsfkda wus, ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@ tajd lShla mj;s o@

w;HjYH weuhsfkda wus,

10

5 ,hsiSka yd ysiagsvSka foayh ;=, ixiaf,aYkh l, yels o@

fkdyelshs

6 c,fha o%djH jsguska j¾.j, kus ,shkak

jsguska  C , jsguska ixlS¾Kh B,

7 ly meye;s t<j¿ yd m<;=re j, jvd;a nyq, jsguskh l=ula o@

jsguska  A

8 w|qf¾ oS fmkSu i|yd odhl jk jssguskh ,shkak

jsguska  A

9 YS;do frda.fha ,laIK fudkjd o@

;=jd, iqjjSu m%udojsu yd jsoqre uiaj,ska f,a .e,Su

10 iusnkaOl mgl j, fld,ecka ;ka;= ksIamdokhg odhl jkafka l=ula o@

jsguska  C , fm%dagSk 

11 o;a yd wia:s j¾Okhg wjYH jk fmdaI o%jH fudkjdo@

Lksc ,jK ---le,aishus   jsguska  C

12 wia:s j, Yla;su;a nj wvqjSu ksid wia:s weojSu isoqfjhs tu frda.h ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

rslgsishdj

13 reOsr legs.eisug wjYH lrk fmdaf;%dusnska j, lD;Hh ,shkak

ffmns%fkdcka ffmns%ka njg m;a lsrSu

14  fmdaf;%dusnska wvqfjka iEoSu ljr m%;sM,hla we;s lrhs o@

;=jd,hla jQ jsg wkjr; f,i reOsrh .e,Su       

15 fmdaf;%dusnska wvqfjka iEoSu i|yd  n,mdk jsguskh ,shkak

          jsguska  K

16 r;= reOsrdKq ns| jegSug fya;=jkafka  jsguskhl W!k;djhs tu jsguskh ,shkak tys m%;sM,h  l=ula jsh yels o@

jsguska  E

rla; ySk;dj

17 rla; ySk;djhg n,mdk fjk;a jsgusk i|yka lrkak

jsguska  B₁₂

jsguska  B₆

18 mrsjD;a;Sh ls%hdj,s fjs.h flfrys n,mdk j¾. i|yka lrkak

jsguska  B₂  / jsguska  B₃ / jsguska  B₅ / jsguska  B₆

19 r;= reOsrdKq iEoSug odhl jkafka ljr jsguskho@

jsguska  B₁₂

20 le,aisfmfrd,a  f,i kuslrk jsguskh ,shkak tu jsguskh W!k;dj ljr frda.hlg fya;= fjhs  o@ 

rslgsishdj     

20 wdjYHl uQ, o%jH jeo.;a jkafka wehs

tajd jHqy ix>gl jsu lsid

fuu uQ, o%jH fkdue;sj cSjk pl%h iusmQ¾K fkdjSu

21 idudkH fi!LH ;;ajhla mj;ajd .ekSug Lksc ,jK wjYH fjhs ta i|yd  nyq,j wjYH jk Lksc uQ, o%jH ,shkak  tajd y|qkajk ku ,shkak

            N, Ca , S ,P,Mg ,Na, Cl, K

wOs ud;% uQ, o%jH                       

23 wxY= ud;% f,i wjYH jkafka l=uk tajd o@ tajd y|qkajk ku ,shkak

Cu , F, I,Mn,Se, Zn

swxY= ud;% uQ, o%jH

24 Ydl j, nyq,j wjYH jk Lksc uQ, o%jH ,shkak

C,H,O,N, Ca , S ,P,Mg , K                       

25 Ydl ;=, mj;sk whka uq, o%jH ljr ixfhda. ;=, olakg ,efns o@

laf,dfrdms,a  $ ihsgfl%daus

26 tkaihsu ils%h ldrl jkafka l=ula o@ tu ldKavh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

Mn,Mg, Zn

iy idOl

27 kshqla,sla wus, iEoSug odhl jk wxY=ud;% uQ, o%jH ,shkak

B 

28 kshqla,sla wus, iEoSug odhl jk wOs=ud;% uQ, o%jH ,shkak

khsg%cka $ fmdiamria

29 laf,dfrdms,a  wKqj, ix>gl f,i ls%hd lrkafka ljr uQ, o%jH o@ ix>glhla fkdjk tfy;a laf,dfrdms,a ixiaf,aIKhg wjYH uQ,o%jH jkafka l=ula o@

Mg ,N /            Fe /Zn

30 fujeks uQ, o%jH W!k jQ jsg y|qkd .kafka flfia o@ thg fya;=j l=ula o@

          mrsk; m;% ly meyehla .eksu

jhia.; fldgiaj, we;s khsg%cka uQ,o%jH j¾Okh jk  fldgia j,g mrsjykh lsrsu

31 tjeks uQ, o%jH y|qkajk ku ,shkak tjeks fjk;a uQm o%jH lsysmhl kus ,shkak

ip, uQ, o%jH

K,Mg, P,Cl

32 wp, uQ, o%jHhla ,shkak

Ca

33 Ydl ;=, gS  S we;=¿ lr .kafka ljrla f,ig o@

SO₄^--

34mfika Wrd .kakd khsg%cka uQ, o%jH ljr f,ig we;=¿ lrhs o@

          NO₃^-  $NH₄ ⁺

35 khsg%cka uQ, o%jH  we;=,;a lD;Huh ixfhda. lsysmhl kus ,shkak

tkaihsu  $laf,dfrdms,a $ kshqla,sla wus, $ fm%dagSk / ATP

36 Ydl j, my; W!k;d frda. we;sjkafka ljr uQ, o%jH W!k jSfuka o@

yrs;laIh     N /Mg /Cu/Mn/Fe /S  P  Mg

fklafrdaish    K

ue,jsu   Cu

r;=$ous j¾Kh we;sjsu  P  / Mg

37  K uQ, o%jH  lD;Huh jYfhka jeo.;a jk wjia:d ,shkak

          iakdhq j, wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh i|yd

mqgsld jsjd; $ jeiSu jsfus os isoqjk whk fmdusm lsrsfus ls%hdj,sh

fmda%gSk ixiaf,aYKhg

o%djH iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .eksug

38 khsg%cka ;sr lsrsug  wjYH lrk uQ, ojHhla  ,shkak

fud,snsvskus

39 cSjSka ;=, wvx.= Tlaiscka j, m%Njh l=ula o@

O₂  /H₂O

40 WodyrKhla f,i tjeks Ndjs;hka fmkajd fokak

iajdhq Yajikfha bf,lafg%dak mrsjyk oduh ls%hd;aul jk jsg   O₂  Ndjs; fjs 

c,jspsfPok h ls%hd;aul jk jsg  H₂O  Ndjs; fjs

41 fmdiamria uQ, o%jH  we;=,;a lD;Huh ixfhda. lsysmhl kus ,shkak

kshqla,sla wus, $ fmdiafmd ,smsv / ATP

s

Muscular Tissue

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu  i|yd biounquest.blogspot.com  fj; msjsfikak'

fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

fmaYs mglh

1 ixprKh hkq l=ula o@

iusmQ¾K cSjshd tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg p,kh jSu

2 cSjshl=g ixprKh wjYH jkafka wehs@

jsf,damslhska f.ka fnsrSug

m%ckk ld¾hfha oS ;u jsfYaIhg  wh;a cSjSka fidhd .ekSug

wdydr fidhd .ekSug

Wps; jdiia:dk fidyd .ekSug

;u jsfYaIhg  jHma;shg

p,kh kus jQ ls%hdj,sh jsjsO ugsgus j, isoq fjhs

ffi,Sh $wjhj $ cSjshd

3 

tla tla wjia:dj i|yd WodyrK fokak

ffi,Sh  ---iqoq reOsrdKq j, weuSndldr p,k

wjhj  --- wdydr ud¾.h ;=, mj;sk l%udl=xpk h

cSjshd  --- mlaIs m¾hgkh $meruSishus f.a p,kh

4 tla tla p,khka i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kafka l=ula o@

iqoq reOsrdKq j, weuSndldr p,k --- jHdc mdo

wdydr ud¾.h ;=, mj;sk l%udl=xpk h  ---fmaYs p,k

mlaIs m¾hgkh  --- fmaYs p,k

meruSishus f.a p,kh ---- mlaIu p,k

5 fuh  yereKq fldg fhdod .kakd pd,l jHqy ,shkak WodyrK fokak

lYsld

Y=l%dKq

6 fuys i|yka lr we;s p,k iajNdjhka l=ulg wh;a fjhs o@

ixfldapk yd bys,a jSus  ---- fmaYs p,k

yn,l wdldrhg 180⁰ l pdmhl isoq lrk p,k  --- mlaIu p,k

mdofha isg w.%h olajd we;slrk rsoausl  ;rx. wdldr p,k  ---- lYsld

;r,uh wka;( ma,diaufha .,d hdu ksid nysIa ma,diaufha  oevs fkreus we;s jSu --- jHdc mdo

7 fmaYs mglfha wdldr 3 ,shkak

isks|q fmaYs $ lxld, fmaYs $ yD;a fmaYs

8tla tla yevhg .e,fmk fmaYs ffi, j¾.h f;darkak

;¾l=rEmS yevh    isks|q fmaYs

is,skavrdldr yevh  --- lxld, fmaYs ^ js,sLs; fmaYs&

Ydlkh jq flgs is,skavrdldr  --- yD;a fmaYs tla tla yevhg 

9 oS we;s ,laIKhg .e,fmk fmaYs ffi, j¾.h f;darkak

ffi, uOHfha msysgk kHIagshla iys;  --- isks|q fmaYs$ yD;a fmaYs

ffi, m¾hka;fha  msysgk kHIagshla  lsysmhla iys;--- lxld, fmaYs ^ js,sLs; fmaYs&

10 fmaYs ks¾udKh jS we;s fm%dagSk foj¾.h fudkjd o@

welagSka yd ufhdaiSka

11 tajd w;r mj;sk fjki ,shkak

welagSka – isyska ;ka;=

ufhdaiSka uy;a jQ ;ka;=

12 tajd fmaYshla ;=, ieliS we;af;a flfia o@

welagSka iQ;s%ld w;rska ufhdaiSka iQ;s%ld msysgk wdldrhg tl u; tl msysgk ;ka;= j,ska

13 Z f¾Ldj we;af;a ljr msysgSul o@

welagSka  iQ;%sldj  uOHfha

14 ufhdaiSka  iQ;%sldj  uOHfha  mssysgk f¾Ldj ,shkak

Z f¾Ldj

15 ufhdaiska ;ka;= muKla iys; jQ m%foaYh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

H mgsh

16 isyska welagSska ;ka;= muKla iys; jQ m%foaYh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

I mgsh

17A mgsh f,i y|qkajkafka ljr l,dmh o@

 ;o meyd;s >klus iQ;s%ld tl u; tl w;smsys; jSfuka iEoqKq l,dmh

18 A mgsh uOHfha msysgk ;rula w|qre mgsh  y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@ tys we;af;a l=ula o@

H mgsh

ufhdaiska ;ka;= muKla

19 jvd;a ,d meyefhka osiajk l,dmh l=ula o@

I mgsh

20 Z f¾Ld folla w;r m%foaYh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

idfldushrh

21 fmaYs ixfldapkhloS isoqjkafka l=ula o@

idfldushrfha  uOH foig welagSka iQ;s%ld ,siaid hdu $ufhdaiSka iQ;s%ld u;ska welagSka iQ;s%ld ,siaid hdu

22fuu isoaOdka;h y|qkajk  ku ,shkak

i¾mk iQ;s%ld isoaOdka;h

23 ixfldapkh jSfus oS os. fjkia fkdfjkafka ljr mgsfhys o@

A mgsh

24 os. wvq jkafka ljr mgs j, o@

I mgsh  $ H mgsh

25 ixfldapkh jSfus oS jehjkafka l=ula o@

ATP

26 ATP  iusnkaO jk ysi l $YS¾I we;af;a ljr iQ;s%ldjg o@ bka miqj isoqjkafka l=ula o@

ufhdaiSka iq;s%ld fl<jr

27 nkaOk m%foaYhla iys; jkafka ljrl o@

welagSka iq;s%ld fl<jr

ATP  c,jspsfPokh ksid ufhdaiSka ysi tijSu yd le,aishus whk u.ska  th welagSka iq;s%ldjg ne|Su $ yria fia;= we;sjsu

28 le,aishus whk imhkafka l==ulska o@

 idfldma,diauSh cd,sldj u.ska

29 ixfldapk fhaoS thg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

yria fia;= we;=,a foig we, jSu yd n, myr u.ska welagSka iQ;s%ldj  ,siaid hdu

30 bka miqj isoq jkafka  l=ula o@

ATP jehjSfuka Ys¾I ksoyia jSu

31 ixfldapk ye;shdj wkqj fmaYs kus lrkak

fjs.j;a m%n, ixfldapk --- lxld, fmaYs

fiuska isoqjk jevs ld,hla mj;sk ixfldapk --- isks|q fmaYs

rsoauhdkql+, m%n, ixfldapk --- yD;a fmaYs

32 jsvdjg m;ajk wdldrh wkqj fmaYshla y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

myiqfjka jsvdjg m;a jSu -- lxld, fmaYs

fiuska jsvdjg m;a jSu ---- isks|q fmaYs

myiqfjka jsvdjg m;a fkdjSu  --- yD;a fmaYs

fmaYs ixfldapkhg iakdhq wdfjs.hla wjYHh   oS we;s iakdhq iemhqug wod, fmaYs j¾.h ,shkak

uOH iakdhq moaO;sfhka      ---- lxld, fmaYs

iajhx idOl iakdhq moaO;sfhka   --- isks|q fmaYs $ yD;a fmaYs

34idfldf,udj yd idfldma,diauh we;;a  idfldushr ke;af;a ljrlg o@

isks|q fmaYs

35 ffi, folla w;r ;o meye;s wka;ria:dms; uv,la mj;skafka l=ul o@

yD;a fmaYs

36wkspsPdkq. ls%hdldrs;ajhla fkdue;af;a ljrl o@

lxld, fmaYs j,

37fmaYshl mj;sk ,dlaIksl .=Kdx. .,mkak

js;kH ;dj $m%;Hia:;dj $WoaoSmH;dj $ixfldapH;dj

weoSug fyda ixfldapkhg we;s yelshdj--- js;kH ;dj

 weoSug fyda ixfldapkhg ,la jsfuka miq j uq,a ;;ajhg m;a jSfus yelshdj--- m%;Hia:;dj

W;af;ac ,nd .eksu yd m%;spdr olajSfus  yelshdj--- WoaoSmH;dj

ixfldapkh jSfus yelshdj  --- ixfldapH;dj

38;yvq jYfhka mj;skafka ljr fmaYs o@

isks|q fmaYs

lxld, fmaYs fl|s;as rdYshla tla jSfuka fmaYs ;ka;=jla  iEfohs 

39tjeks fmaYs ;ka;= usgshla jgjS we;af;a l=ulska o@

tkafvduhsishu

40fmaYs ;ka;= usgs lsysmhla jgjS we;af;a ljr iusnkaOl mglfhka o@ tys ku ,shkak

iqoq ;ka;= mglfhka

mrsuhsishu

41tjeks tall lsysmhla jgjS we;af;a ljrlska o@

wmsuhsishu

Blood Tissue Ans

reOsr  mglh                           

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu  i|yd biounquest.blogspot.com  fj; msjsfikak'

fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

1 ljr m%ia;rfhka iusNjh fjhso@

uOH p¾ufhkka

2 wfkla mgl j,g jvd mQrlfha mj;sk jHqyuh fjki ,shkak

mqrlh o%jhla jSu

tys ;ka;= olakg ke;$ jNj ;ka;= mj;S iuyr wjia:dj, muKla ;ka;= we;s fjhs

3 wfkla mgl j,g jvd mQrlfha mj;sk lD;Huh fjki ,shkak

mQrlh ksmojkafka tys we;=,;a ffi,j,ska fkdfjs

uOH p¾ufhkka

4 wfkla mgl j,g jvd mQrlfha mj;sk jHqyuh iudk;djla  ,shkak

jsYd, mQrlhla mej;Su

ldhsl f,i wjhj w;r iusnkaO;djla meje;ajSu

5 reOsrfha msoqre meyehla .kakd fldgi ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

ma,diaudj

6 tys ffi, j¾. lShla mj;S o@ ta fudkjd o@

3

r;= reOsrdKq

iqoq reOsrdKq

mgsgsld

7 msrsushl=f.a >k us,s usgrhl mj;sk  reOsr ffi, ixLHdj wkqj frda.hl iajNdjh ks¾kh l< yelsh oS we;s m%;sY;hg wh;a ffi, j¾.h i|yka lrkak

r;= reOsrdKq $iqoq reOsrdKq $kshqfg%dms, $ bhqisfkdms, $ fnsfidms,$jid ffi,$ fudfkd ffig$ mgsgsld

5.4 ×10 ^{6           ----}  r;= reOsrdKq

4000-11000  --- iqoq reOsrdKq

150,000-400,000  ---- mgsgsld

>k us,s usgrhl mj;sk  iqoq reOsrdKq ixLHdj m%;sY; wkqj f;darkak

3000- 6000     50-70%  -- kshqfg%dms,

150-300          1-4%      ---  bhqisfkdms,

0-100              0-4%      ---  fnsfidms,

1500-4000     20-40%  --- jid ffi,

300-600             2-8%  --- fudfkd ffig

8 kHIags rys; f,i yuq jkafka ljrla o@

r;= reOsrdKq

mgsgsld

9 tajd ksmofjk ia:dk ,shkak

weg usoq,q

10 reOsrfha   PH w.h 7.4 ls th ksh;j ;nd .eksug odhl jk ffi, j¾.h ,shkak tu yelshdj mj;skafka ljrla ksid o@ th iEoS we;af;a flfia o@

r;= reOsrdKq

ysfud.af,dnska

ySus   + .af,dnSka

ySus  =  fmda*hsrSka wKqj  + fmria whkh

fmria wvx.= ySus fldgilska yd   .af,dnSka kus fm%dagSk fldgilska

11 ta ksid ,enS we;s fjk;a yelshdjla ,shkak

Tlaiscka mrsjykh

CO₂ mrsjykh

12 tu lD;Hh bgq lrk fjk;a ixfhda. csjSka ;=, mj;s o@ tajd fudkjd o@ tys mj;sk whk j¾.h olajkak  tu Yajik j¾Kl iys; cSjSkag WodyrK fokak

ysfud ihkSka  Cu⁺⁺     --- l%iafgsishd $ fud,qiald

laf,dfrd larejrska Fe⁺⁺ ---- fmd,sflagd

ySfudtrs;%ska    Fe⁺⁺---- fud,qiald

ufhda.af,dnska  Fe⁺⁺     --- mDIaG jxYSka

13 jsIalusNh wvq flaYkd,sld ;=,ska .uka lsrSug yelshdj we;af;a ljrlg o@

r;= reOsrdKq

m%;Hia: jSu$ oajs wj;, ffi, tl u; tl we,su ksid

kHIags fkdue;s jSu

14 weuSndldr p,k olajkafka ljrla o@

iqoq reOsrdKq

15 r;=reOsrdKq j, wdhqI ld,h lSho@ th ns|Sfuka miq M, j,g w;ajk brKu l=ula o@

osk 120

.af,dnSka kus fm%dagSk fldgi ms;a; j¾Kl jk ns,srenSka yd ns,sj¾vSka njg m;a jSu

ySus fldgi wlaud ffi, ;=, .nvd lsrSu

16 kHIagsfha iajNdjh wkqj jsjsO ffi, flfia y|qkd.; yels o@

Lkavsld 3-5 iys; kHIagshla mej;Su  --kshqfg%dms,

isyska mgshla u.ska iusnkaO Lkavsld 2la iys; kHIagshla mej;Su  -- bhqisfkdms,

wiusmQ¾Kj fnoqKq Lkavsld iys; kHIagshla mej;Su  -- fnsfidms,

jDlal yev kHIags mej;Su --fudfkd ffig

f.da,dldr kHIagsfhka msreKq ffi, -- jid ffi,$

kHIags rys;  --- mgsgsld$ r;= reOsrdKq

17 oS we;s lD;Hhka i|yd .e,fmk ffi, f;darkak $kshqfg%dms, $ bhqisfkdms, $ fnsfidms,$jid ffi,$ fudfkd ffig$ mgsgsld

wd.ka;=l wxY= y|qkd .ekSu  ----- kshqfg%dms,

NlaI ffi,l;dj oelajSu     -----  kshqfg%dms,

uereKq ffi, jskdY lsrSu     ------  kshqfg%dms, $ fudfkd ffig

wid;ausl m%;sls%hd i|yd ueosy;a jSu ---- fnsfidms,

laIqo% cSjSka jskdY lsrSu   ------ kshqfg%dms,

m%;s foay  - m%;sfoay ckl ixlS¾K ns| oeuSu   ---- bhqisfkdms,

m%;s ysiageuSka ksmojSu ----- bhqisfkdms,

m%;sfoay ksmojSu    ----- jid ffi,             

le,aishus whk ixpdhlhla f,i ls%hd lsrSu ----  mgsgsld

18 jid ffi, mrsk;sh isoqjkafka ljr ia:dk j, o@

;hsuih $jid .egs;s

19 noaO l< wjhjhla m%;slafIam jkafka l=uk fya;=jla ksid o@

T jid ffi, u.ska ksmojk m%;sfoay myr oSu  ksid

20 l=vdu ffi, j¾.h l=ula o@

mgsgsld

21 lKslduh ffi, ma,diauhla wh;a jkafka ljr ffi, j,g o@

kshqfg%dms, $ bhqisfkdms, $ fnsfidms,$jid ffi,$ mgsgsld

22 reOsr jdyskshla ;=jd, jQ jssg reOsr .e,Su je,elajSu i|yd ffi, wdila; jSu isoqfjh

ai |yd ueosy;a jk ffi, j¾.h ,shkak

mgsgsld

23 ma,diaudj ;=, wvx.= ma,diau fm%dagsk fudkjd o@ tajd ksmojk ia:dkh ,shkak

we,anshquSka $.af,dnshq,ska $ffmns%fkdcka

wlaudj

24 wdi%e;s jsOdkh md,kh lrkafka ljrla u.skao@

we,anshquSka

25 .af,dnshq,ska j, lD;Hh fokak

m%;sfoay ksmojSu

fydafudak yd ,jK mrsjykh

26 reOsr ma,diaudfjs we;s wls%h tkaihsuhl ku ,shkak

fmdaf;%dusns%ka

27 th ils%h jSug wjYH jkafka ljr tkaihsuh o@

f;%dusfndlhsfkaia $f;%dusfnd ma,diagska

28 tjsg isoqjk mrsj¾;kh ,shkak ta i|yd wjYH jk ;j;a ix>glhla ,shkak

 fmdaf;%dusns%ka  wl%sh tkaihsuh   f;%dusns%ka kus il%sh tkaihsuh   njg mrsj¾;kh lsrsu

le,aishus whk

29 reOsr legsh ;=, we;s ;ka;= iEfokafka l=ula u.sska o@ ta i|yd mej;sh hq;= tkaihsuh ,shkak

ffmn%sska u.ska

f;%dusfndlhsfkaia

30 ffmns%ka iEoSug wjYH fm%dagSkh l=ula o@

ffmns%fkdcka

31 tla mqoa.,hl=f.a reOsrh ;j;a mqoa.,hl=g we;=¿ lsrSu .eg¿ldrS jk wjia:d mj;S

tu .eg¿j l=ula o@

Yaf,aIKh$ legs we;sjSu

32 th udrdka;sl jkafka wehs@

legs.eiqKq reOsr ffi, j,ska ksoyiajk ysfud.af,dnska jl=.vq j, fmrsfus ld¾hhg isoqlrk ydksh ksid uq;% fmrSu wek ysgsu

33 fuu ls%hdj, hi|yd fya;= jkafka r;= reOsrdKq j, ma,diau mg,fha we;s fm%dagSkhls

th l=ula o@

we.a,qgsfkdcka

34 fkd.e,fmk $wd.ka;=l   fm%dagskhla reOsrh l=,g we;=¿jSu ksid we;sjsh ye;s m%;sM,h ,shkak

m%;sfoay wd.ka;=l   fm%dagskhla u; ls%hd;aul jSu

35 tys m%;sM,h l=ula o@

reOsrh Yaf,aIKh jSu

36 reOsr ma,diaudfjs we;s tjeks fm%dagskhla ,shkak

we.a,qgskSka

reOsrh Yaf,aIKh jSfus oS odhl r;= reOsrdKqj u; we;s m%;sfoay cklh u; m%;s.%dyl reOsr ma,diaudfjs we;s m%;sfoay ls%hd;aul fjhs

m%;sfoay cklh  we.a,qgsfkdcka A   we.a,qgsfkdcka B  f,i wdldr 2la we;

37 tus wkqj reOsr .K wdldr 4la y|qkd f.k we; ta fudkjdo@

A   /B  $ AB / O

m%;sfoay o wdldr 2la mj;s  we.a,qgskSka b we.a,qgskSka a

38 tla tla reOsr >k ;=, we;s m%;sfoay fudkjd o@

reOsr .K                 m%;sfoayh

A                                  b

B                                   a

 AB                              -

 O                          a yd b

39 rOsr .K A  wvx.= odhlfhla  B   m%;s.%dylfhl=g ,nd oqkafka kus l=ula isoqfjhs o@

reOsr .K B wvx.= m%;s.%dyl hdf.a reOsrfha mrsudj by<h m%;sfoay a jevs jYfhka we;

reOsr .K A  wvx.= odhlhdf.a reOsr mrsudj wvq nejska  tys we;s u; ls%hd;aul jS m%;sfoay cklh jk  we.a,qgsfkdcka A  ish,a, Yaf,aIKh isoq lrhs

40 reOsr .K AB  wvx.= odhlfhla  B   m%;s.%dylfhl=g ,nd oqkafka kus l=ula isoqfjhs o@

reOsr .K B wvx.= m%;s.%dyl hdf.a reOsrfha mrsudj by<h m%;sfoay a jevs jYfhka we;

reOsr .K  AB  wvx.= odhlhdf.a reOsr mrsudj wvq nejska  tys we;s m%;sfoay cklh jk  we.a,qgsfkdcka A   u; m%;s.%dyl hdf.a m%;sfoay a ls%hd;aul jS  Yaf,aIKh isoq lrhs

41 reOsr .K B  wvx.= odhlfhla AB  m%;s.%dylfhl=g ,nd oqkafka kus l=ula isoqfjhs o@

reOsr .K B wvx.= odhlhdf.a reOsrfha mrsudj wvqh

reOsr .K AB  wvx.= m%;s.%dylhdf.a m%;sfoay ke; tnejska odhl reOsrh u; ls%hd;aul fkdfjs Yaf,aIKh isoq fkdfjs

42 TskEu wfhl=g reOsrh odhl l< yelafla ldg o@ ta l=ula ksid o@

     O m%;sfoay ckl fkdue;s ksid m%;s.%dyl reOsrfha mQ;sfoay ls%hd;aul jSug l%uhla ke;

   Yaf,aIKh isoq fkdfjs

43 TskEu wfhl=g reOsrh m%;s.%yKh l< yelafla ldg o@ ta l=ula ksid o@

   AB  m%;s.%dyl reOsrfha mQ;sfoay fkdue;s ksid odylhd f.a m%;sfoay ckl u; ls%hd;aul jSug l%uhla ke;

44 reOsrh Tiafia ldnka vfhdlaihsvs jevs m%udkhla mrsjykh jkafka ljr wdldrhg o@

nhsldnfkag f,i

45 reOsrh Tiafia ldnka vfhdlaihsvs wvq m%udkhla mrsjykh jkafka ljr wdldrhg o@

ldfndksla wus,h f,ig$ ldfndlais ysfud.af,dnska f,ig

46  ldfndksla wus,h  nhsldnfkag njg m;a jkafka ljr tkaihsu we;s jsgo@ m%;sls%hdu ,shkak

ldfndksla wekayhsfv%sia

H₂CO₃  ------- H⁺  + HCO₃^-

47 iEfok  H⁺  whk ksid  isoqjk fjk;a ls%hdjla i|yka lrkak iEfok M,h l=ula o@

Tlaisysfud.af,dnska jsfhdackh

ysfud.af,dnsksla wus,h

HHb

48 whkh msg;g .uka lsrSfuoS ta fjkqjg yqjudre jk fjk;a whkhla i|yka lrkak

laf,darhsv whk

49 Tlaiscka mrsjykh jk wKqfjs iq;%h ,shkak

HbO₂

50   .¾; flaYkd,sld ;=,oS r;= reOssrdKq ;=,g fmdusm lrkafka fudkjd o@whk iu;=,s;;djmj;ajd .ekSu i|yd bj;g .uka lrkafka l=ula o@

       HCO₃^-whk

        Cl^- whk

51 .¾; flaYkd,sld ;=,oS jsfhdackh jk ixfhda. fudkjd o@ ta i|yd wjYH jkafka ljrla o@

Tlaiscka we;sjsg

HHb $ ldfndlais ysfud.af,dnska

a52 nhsldnfkag j,g w;ajk  brKu l=ulao@

r;= reOsrdKq ;=,g we;=¿ jSu

ldfndksla wus,h iEoSu yd th njg jsfhdackh

53 iEfok ldfndksla wus,h mrsjykh jkafka l=ula yryd o@

reOsr ma,diaudj yryd