Mitosis ans

wkqkk jsNdckh

1 kHIagshl wka;¾.; fldgia fudkjdo@

kHIagsldj $ j¾Kfoay$ fl%dugska lKsld $ kHIagsl Pso% $ $ kHIags mg,h

2 tys m%fjsKsl o%jH ljrla  ;=, wka;¾.; fjhs o@

fl%dugska lKsld fyda j¾Kfoay ;=,

3 kHIagsh ;=,g o%jH mrsjykh lrkq ,nkafka l=ula yryd o@

wka;( ma,diaush cd,sld yryd fyda kHIagsl isoqre Tiafia

4  ffi, j¾Okh  yd ffi, jsNdckfha iS>%;dj md,kh  lsrsu kHIagshl tla ld¾hhla jk w;r ixiaf,aIKh i|yd th odhl jk wjia:djka i|yka lrkak

fm%dagsk ixiaf,aIKhg wjYH  RNA ksmojSu yd rhsnfidau Wm tall ksmojSu

 ffi, jsNdckfha oS kHIags ksmojsug wjYH  DNA ksmojSu

5 ffi, jsNdckfha m%;sM,h l=ula o@

tla ffi,hlska kj ffi,$ oqys;D ffi, 2la ,enSu

6 kj ffi, ks¾udKhg wjYH o%jH ljr wjia:djl os iEfohs o@

wka;¾ l,dfjsoS

7 ffi, pl%h hkq l=ula o@ fuu ld,h ;=, isoqjkafka l=ula o@

tla ffi, jsNdckhl  wjidkfha isg B,Õ jsNdckh wjidkh  w;r ffi,h ;=, isoqjk isoqjsus ish,af,a tl;=jhs

j¾Kfoay oajslrKh  jSu yd fnodyersu

8 wjOs lShla mj;shso@ ta fudkjd o@

5  

G1 

S 

G2

  M

 C

9 my; isoqjSus j,g .e,fmk wjOsh f;darkak

kj fm%dagSk yd ffi, fldgia ksmojSu   --- G₁ 

DNA wKq ixiaf,aIKh  ---- S  

ffi, ma,diau  jsNdckh yd ffi, ;,h we;sjSu---C

kj fm%dagSk yd ixiaf,aIKh uhsgfldkavs%hd yd wfkl=;a bkaos%ld m%;sj,s; jsu ----G₂

10 wkQkkh f,i y|qkajkafka ljr wjia:dj o@

M

11 tysoS isoqjkafka l=ula o@

oajslrKh jQ j¾Kfoay kj ffi, follg iudkj fnos hdu

12 jsNdckh wdrusN lrk ffi,hla Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

jsYd, kHIags oersu u.ska

13 i;aj ffi,hla msNdckh wdrusN lrk nj flfia y|qkd.; yelafla flfia o@

flakao% foay folg fnosu yd tla tla flakao% foay ffi,fha O%ej fj;g .uka lsrsu

flakao% foay jgd laIqo% kd,sld tla jsfuka ;=rej ks¾udKh jsu

14 wkQkkfha  wjOs 4 ,shkak

m%dla l,dj

fhda. l,dj

jsfhda. l,dj

wka; l,dj

15 oS we;s ,laIKhg .e,fmk ffi,h rEm igyfkka f;darkak

fl%dugska lKsld iys; jsYd, f.da,dldr  kHIagsh --- D

kQ,a jeks jraKfoay iys; kHIagsh la mej;Su --- E

 kHIags mg,h oshjSu;a  iu. j¾Kfoay ffi, maa,diauhg tl;= jSu  -- C

ffi,fha iul ;,h Tiafia j¾Kfoay  ieliSu  --A 

 j¾Kfoay  ffi,fha O%ej lrd .uka lsrsu   ---- B 

oqys;D ffi, hq.,hla ms<sfh, jSu---- D

16 wkQkk jsNdckfha tu wjOs j,g wkqms<sfj,ska f.dkq lrkak

my;ska i|yka jkafka wkqkk jsNdckfha jsjsO wjia:djka  lsysmhls

1  j¾K foay fikag%ushrh olajd folg me,Su  --- m%dla l,dj

2   j¾K foay flgsjSu yd >k jSu --- m%dla l,dj

3 flakaos%ldj folg fnoSu   ---- m%dla l,dj

4 fikag%ushrh folg fnosu --- jsfhda. l,dj

5 j¾K foay fkdfmkS hdu--- wka;¾ l,dj

6 kHIags mg,h yd kHIagsldj fkdfmkShdu $w;=reoyka jsu --- m%dla l,dj

7 fikag%ushrh fomi we;s lhskgflda¾ j,g ;¾l= ;ka;= ne|Su  --- fhda. l,dj

8 flakao% foay u.ska ;¾l=j ks¾udKh lsrsu --- fhda. l,dj

9 j¾K foay ffi, iulfha fm< .eiSu  --- fhda. l,dj

10 j¾K foaydxY fjkajS j¾K foay njg m;ajS m%;sjsreoaO O%ej lrd weoS hdu  --- jsfhda. l,dj

11 kHIagshla yd kHIagsldjla  ks¾udKh jsu  --- wka; l,dj

12 ;¾l=j fkdfmkS hdu  --- wka; l,dj

13 j¾K foay iul ;,h fj; .uka lsrsu ---- fhda. l,dj

14 tla ;¾l= ;ka;=jlg tla  j¾K foay ne.ska ijsjSu ---- fhda. l,dj

17 ffi, ma,diau jsNdckfha oS fNaaok we,shla iEfoka fka ljr  ffi,hl o@

i;aj ffi,h

18 wfkla ffi,j, ta fjkqjg isoqjkafka l=ula o@

ffi, ;,hla we;sjsu

19 iEfok ffi, i¾j iu jkafka ljr ,laIK u.ska o@

j¾K foay ixLHdj u.ska $ m%udKd;aul f,i

.=Kd;aul f,i

20 fujeks jsNdck isoqjk wjia:d fudkjd o@

l<, j¾Okh

w,sx.sl m%ckkh

mqk¾j¾Okh

Hormones ans

i;aj fydafudak

1 i;aj fydadfudak l=uk ixfhda. j,ska ksmofjhs o@

,smsv jHq;amkak  yd fm%dagSk u.ska

2 tajd ksoyia lrk .%ka:s y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

wka;rdi¾. .%ka:s

3 ks¾kd, .%ka:s f,i tajd ye|skajsug fya;=j ,shkak

fjk;a .%ka:sj,  ksmojk i%dj mrsjykhg kd, mej;=k o fuu .%ka:s j, i%dj mrsjykhg kd, fkdue;s w;r reOsrh Tiafia mrsjykh fjhs’

4 tu lD;Huh fjkig wod, .%ka:sj, mj;sk  jHqyuh fjkila  fokak

tys flaYkd,sld nyq, jSu

5 foayh mqrd jsisrS we;s wka;rdi¾. .%ka:s j, ls%hdldrs;ajh r|d mj;skafka ljr .%ka:shl ls%hdldrs;ajh u; o@

msgshqgrsh

6 fjk;a .%ka:shla W;af;ackh i|yd ksmojk tjeks fydafudak lsysmhla ,shkak'

   

7 msgshqgrshg iajdOSk f,i fydafudak ksmojsu l< fkdyelshta ukao@

iuyr msgshqgrs fydafudak iEoSug ksoyia lsrsfus fydafudakj, W;af;ac lssrSu  wjYH nejsks

8 msgshqgrsfha  reOsr jdyskS nyq, LKavsldj l=ula o@

mQ¾j LKavsldj

9 iakdhq nyq, LKavsldj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wmr LKavsldj

10 tu iakdhq iusnkaO;dj mj;ska fka ljrla iu. o@ tys odhl;ajh  l=ulao@

yhsfmd;e,uih

ksmojk fydafudak msgshqgrsh fj; mrsjykh lrkafka fuu wlaik Tiafiah

11 tfia msgshqgrsh ;=, .nvd lrk fydafudakhla ,shkak

TlaisfgdaiSka

m%;sfu!;,H fydafudakh $jdfmdfm%iSka  $ ADH

Evolution ans

mrskduh

 1 mD:sjsfha wdrusNl jdhqf.da,h  $Wm; l=uk ld,hl isoqjS o@

-ns,shk 4'5 lg fmr

2 tu ld,h ;=, isoq jQ fjkialus ,shkak

         mD:sjs wNHka;rh o%j yrh yd m%djrKh jYfhka fjka jSu

       pqusnl lafIa;%hla ks¾udKh jSu

3 mD:sjsfha wdrusNl jdhqf.da,h  tkus Tlaiscka fyda Tsfidaka fkdue;s$ Tlaisydrl jdhqf.da,h iEoS ;snqfka flfia o@

         H₂   N₂   CO₂   H₂S    NH₃  CH₄   c, jdIAm

     4 j¾Idj we;sjSug ;=vq oqka fjkia jSu ,shkak

    mD:sjsfha WIaK;ajh wvq  jSu ksid c, jdIam >ksNjkh jSu

     5  j¾Idj iu. we;s jQ c,dY j, iqjsfYaI;ajh l=ula  o@

      c,fha o%djH wldnksl whk tla reia jsu ksid wdos iQmh ks¾udKh jsu

  

    6 wdos iQmfha wka;¾.;h l=ula o@ fuu u;h bosrsm;a lf<a ljqreka o@

      weuhsfkda wus, $ fuso wus, $.a,qfldaia$kshqla,sla wus, wKq jgd l,s, wKq tlareia jSu

1920 oS ye,afvska

7 fus i|yd wjYH Yla;sh ,nd .;af;a l=ulska o@

wl=Kq u.ska

mD:sjshg we;=¿ jk UV lsrK u.ska

huy,a jsodrKh u.ska

8 fujekakla  isoqjsh yels nj m%dfhda.slj bosrsm;a lf<a ljq o@  th isol< wkaou ,shkak

1953  iageka,s us,¾  yd yer,avs hqf¾

Tlaisydrl jdhqf.da,hla  is,a l< n,anhla ;+, ks¾udKh lsrSu

     H₂   N₂   CO₂   H₂S    NH₃  CH₄   c, jdIAm   wvx.+ jdhq usY%Khla ;+,ska jsoq,s mq<sÕ+jla hejSu

i;shlg miq M, ksrSlaIKh lsrSu

                            

9 fujeks wKq l,s,uh wKq j,ska jg jSfuka ks¾udKh jQfha ljrla o@

  fldweifjsg we;sjSu

10 fudjqka fmdaIKh ,enqfjs ljrlska o@

id.rfia mej;s ldnksl wKq u.ska

11 tu fmdaIK l%uh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

Tjqka jsIufmdaISka f,i cSj;a jSu

12 fmdaI o%jH wjika jSfu ka miq ljr fmdaIK l%uhla  fmkajk cSjSka werusN jQfha o@

ridhksl ixiaf,aISka nsysjSu

13 Tjqkaf.a mrsjD;a;sfha oS isoqjQ jeo.;a isoqjSula ,shkak Tjqka nsysjQfha ljodo@   

Tjqkaf.a mrsjD;a;Sh M,hla f,i fmda*hsrska wKqj ksmojSu

ns,shk 3'8lg fmr we;sjSu

     14 th lD;Huh jYfhka iudk jkafka l=ulg o@

      

      nelagSrshd laf,dfrdms,a j,g iudk;ajhka oelajSu

      15 ljr fmdaIK l%uhla fus ksid nsysjQfha o@

    m%Ndixiaf,aIS    fmdaIKh  we;sjSu

 16 Tlaiscka ksmojk  m%Ndixiaf,aISka nsysjQfha ljodo@   

   Tlaiscka ksmojk  m%Ndixiaf,aISka  ns,shk 3'5-3 lg fmr we;sjSu

 17 mD:sjs b;sydifha  m%Odk hq. 4 ,shkak

Archeozoic    m%dlaflausn%Sh ns,shk 2'7-0'7

Palaeozoic -  fm,sfhdfidhsla ns,shk 1'0-1'5

Mesozoic   -   uSfifidhsla

Cenozoic   -   iSfkdfidhsla

my; oela fjk isoqjSus j,g wod, hq. fudkjd o@

Tlaiscka ksmojk  m%Ndixiaf,aISka  ns,shk 3'5-3 lg fmr we;sjSu

m%dlaflausn%Sh hq.fha nelagSrshd yd fm%dgsiagdjka muKla cSj;a jSu

l  Paleozoic         Cambrian     us,shk   570

                                Ordovician   us,shk   510 

                               Silurian        us,shk   440

                                Devonian     us,shk   408

                                Carboniferous us,shk  us,shk   362

                                 Permian        us,shk   290

                                 Triassic       us,shk   245

 Mesozoic            Jurasic         us,shk   208

                            Cretaceous    us,shk   145

 Coenozoic           Tertiary      us,shk   - 65

18 wmDIaGjxYSka nyq,h              flausn%Sh us,shk  570  fmr

nelagSrshd yd fm%dgsiagdjka os,Sr mej;Su   flausn%Sh         

19 fN!usl Ydl we;sjSu   fud,qiald me;srSu   --- Tfvdjshka us,shk  510  fmr

u;aiH mrsKduh   ---- Tfvdjshka

s20  fmky,q u;aiHhka yd lDuSka  we;sjSu  ----is,QrSh       us,shk  440  fmr                                  

                              

  21  WNhcSjSka iusNjh jsu    fvfjdkSh  us,shk  408 fmr

        n%fhdmsgd uSjk Ydl    --- fvfjdkSh

  22  uSjk jkdka;r we;sjSu ldfndksmria    us,shk 362 fmr

     m%:u Wr.hka we;sjSu ---- ldfndksmria    

  23  flaa;+Or Ydl we;sjSu   ---- m¾ushka   us,shk  290 fmr   

    wefudksgd yd g%hsf,dndgd j|jSu    --- m¾ushka 

  24  jsjD; nScl nyq,jSu   g%heisla   us,shk  245 fmr   

   laISrmdhSka we;sjSu g%heisla

   25 imqIam Ydl we;sjsu cqrdisl us,shk  208 fmr   

fla;+Or Ydl me;srsu  ----cqrdisl

Wr.hkaf.a me;srSu ----cqrdisl

26 Wr.hkaf.a j|jSu ---- l%sfgsiSh us,shk  145 fmr   

mlaISka we;sjSu ---- l%sfgsiSh                

27  laISrmdhSkaf.a mrskduh  ----fm,sfhdiSka Paleocene

 28 wdjD; nScl Ydl me;srSu ---bfhdiSka   Eocene

 29 ksj¾;k jkdka;r we;sjSu --- T,sf.diSka    Oligocene

30 usksidg iudk jdkrhsla we;sjSu --- ufhdiSka    Miocene

31   laISrmdhSkaf.a nyq,jSu  --- ma,fhdiSka    Pliocoene

l  TskEu fjs,djloS wcSj o%jH j,ska iajhxisoaOj cSjh we;sjk nj

Wod ' l+Kqj,ska mkqjka we;sjSu

       fros len,s j,ska uShka we;sjSu

32 mrskduh  ms<sn| mj;sk by;ska i|yka u;h  y|qkajk ku l=ula o@   

   iajhxisoaO ckk jdoh

33   ish,q cSjSka iqjsfYaIS n,OdrS fojshka jykafia flfkl+ ujk ,o nj mjikafka l=uk u;hl o@

uejSu ms<sn| jdoh

34 wNHjldYfhka cSjSka Wod 'W,ald fyda wkH .%yf,dalhkska meusKs wNHjldY  hdkd

$ nScdKq meusKs nj;a thska cSjSka we;sjQ nj;a mejfikafka  ljr u;hl o@

fldiafudfidhsla u;h

Eco System Ans

iajdNdjsl mrsir moaO;s

1 ,xldfjs mj;sk iajdNdjsl mrsir moaO;s j¾. kus lrkak

jkdka;r

;DK N+us

wNHka;r f;;a nsus

fjr<dikak yd lrosh mrsir moaO;s

hus mrsirhl mj;sk Ydl m%cdfjs iajNdjh  idOl 3 la u; r|d mj;shs fN!u idOlh ffcj idOlh   foaY.=Ksl idOlh

  2 ffcj idOlh   mrsir moaO;sfha isgsk hefmkkaf.a iajNdjh u; lDK N+us we;sjsh yelsh ljr fmdaIK l%uhla ai |hd fya;= fjhs o@

W,d lkakka

3 mdxY= c,fha iajNdjh u; tlsfklg fjkia mrsir moaO;s we;sjk wjia:d i|yd WodyrK fokak

usrsosh fmdl=Kq mrsir moaO;sh   ---,jK;dj wvq

lfvd,dk mrsir moaO;sh  ---  ,jK;dj jevs

fjr<dikak mrsir moaO;sh --- ,jK;dj jevs c,h r|d fkdmj;sk

 

4 l=vd m%foaYhla ;=, fjkia jkafka ljr idOlhla o@

fN!u idOlh           

ffcj idOlh  

5 l=vd m%foaYhla ;=, fjkia fkdjkafka ljr idOlhla o@

foaY.=Ksl idOlh

6 ,xldfjs mj;sk iajdNdjsl mrsir moaO;s we;sjsu i|yd fya;=js we;af;a;jr idOlh o@

 foaY.=Ksl idOlh

7 ljr foaY.=Ksl ,laIK ai |yd fya;= js ;sfns o@

WIaaK;ajh yd j¾Idm;kh

8 tu foaY.=Ksl l,dm y|qkajkak

my; rg f;;a l,dmh

l|qlr f;;a l,dmh

w;rueos l,dmh

my; rg jsh<s l,dmh

9 ,xldjg  j¾Idm;kh ,efnk l%u fudkjd o@

fudaius j¾Id

ixjyk j¾Id

jd iq,s j¾Id

10 fudaius j¾Idj ,efnkafka ljr m%foaY j,go@ l=uk ld, j,oS o@

ksrs;os.  fudaius j¾Idj ---- uehs  isg iema;eusn¾

Bidk os.  fudaius j¾Idj ---fkdjeusn¾ isg ckjdrs

ixjyk j¾Id ---Tlaf;dan¾ - fkdjeusn¾

                    ud¾;= - wfm%a,a

jd iq,s j¾Id----- Tlaf;dan¾ - fkdjeusn¾

11 tla tla l,dm j,g ,efnk Wmrsu j¾Idm;kh  lSh o@

my; rg f;;a l,dmh   2500 mm  <

l|qlr f;;a l,dmh    2500 mm  -5000 mm 

w;rueos l,dmh   2000 mm  -2500 mm 

Y=Ial l,dmh   1250 mm  >

my; rg jsh<s l,dmh  1250 mm  -2000 mm 

12 udOHkH WIaK;ajfha jsp,khla mj;ska fka l=uk l,dmfha o@ th fldmuK fjhs o@

l|qlr f;;a l,dmh   

15C⁰  -20C⁰

13 wfkla l,dm j,g jvd tjeks  mej;sug fya;=j l=ula o@

uqyqoq ugsgfuka by<g hk jsg  mj;sk WIaK;aj wvqjsu

14 tla tla l,dmfha mj;sk iajNdjsl jDlaI,;dosh y|qkajkak

my; rg f;;a l,dmh   --ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r

l|qlr f;;a l,dmh  ---  ksj¾;k jsh<s usY% iodyrs;  jkdka;r

w;rueos l,dmh  --- 2000 mm  -2500 mm 

Y=Ial l,dmh   1250 mm  >

my; rg jsh<s l,dmh  1250 mm  -2000 mm 

Eco System 2 ans

ms<s;=re

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, biounquest.blogspot.com  m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

iuyr jsIhh tall fldgia  ms<sn| oekqu icSjSlrK iu. animescience.webatu.com fj;ska ,nd  .ekSug W;aidy lrkak 

Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu wjYH m%Yak m;%h i|yd fj; biounquest.blogspot.com  msjsfikak'                                                                            fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoSS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu  Wiia fm< jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

mrsir moaO;s

1 wdydr oduhla hkq l=ula o@

mrsir moaO;shl mj;sk fmdaIK wkqms<sfj,

2 wdydr odu j¾. lShla mj;So@ tajd i|yka lrkak

3

3 jsf,damSh $W,d lk wdydr oduh

mrfmdaIS wdydr odu

kslafIam wdydr odu

4 ksIamdolhka uq,ska isgskafka ljr wdydr oduhl o@

jsf,damSh $W,d lk wdydr oduh

5 osrdm;ajk  ldnksl o%jH  j,ska wdrusN jk wdydr odufha ku ,shkak

6 tys mqrela wkqms<sfj,ska ,shkak

 7 mrsir moaO;s ;=, m<uq fmdaIK ugsgu ksfhdackh lrkakka f.a iajNdjh l=ula o@

wfkla fmdaIK ugsgus j,g ldnksl fmdaIl iemhSu

8 nyq,j yuqjk m<uq fmdaIK ugsgfus  isgsk cSjSka  Yla;sh imhd .kakd m%Njh ,shkak

Tjqka jsiska ksmojk ldnksl wdydr

9 iajNdjfha mj;ski ir, wdydr odu we;af;a iq¿ m%udKhls thg fya;=j l=ula o@

tla cSjshl= fjk;a cSjSka lsysm fofkl= u; hefmhs tu cSjSka fjk;a cSjSka f.a o fmdaIK wjYH;d iusmQ¾K lrhs  fus ksid jsjsO YdLkh jQ wdydr odu cd,hla fuka tlsfklg iusnkaoj we;

9 tjekakla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdydr cd,

10 wdydr cd, mej;Sfus jdish ,shkak

ir, wdydr oduhl mqrella bj;a jSu ta u; hefmk wfkla cSjSka f.a meje;aug ;¾ckhls

tlu jsfYaIfha cSjSka w;r ;rÕhla we;s lsrSug th fya;= fjhs

wdydr cd, mej;Su ksid cSjSka w;r ;rÕh wvq fjhs

11 mrsir moaO;shl fmdaIS ugsgus w;r iusnkaO;dj  m%udKd;aul f,i ;Sre m%ia;drsl l%uhlg ksrEmkh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

mdrsirsl msrusv

12 tys wdldr 3 y|qkajkak

Yla;s msrusv

ixLHd msrusv

ffcj ialkaO msrusv

13 tall j¾. M,hl  jQ cSjska tall ld,hloS ksIamdokh lrk uq¿ Yla;s m%udKh Ndjs;fhka ljr jsrusvhla ksrEmkh lrhs o@

Yla;s msrusv

14 ta fjkqjg cSjSkaf.a jsh<s nr Ndjs;hg .kakd jsrusvfha ku ,shkak

ffcj ialkaO msrusv

15 tall j¾. M,hl  tall ld,hloS tla  tla fmdaIK ugsgfus fjfik isgsk cSjska ixLHdj we;=,;a lr ieliQ msrusvfha ku l=jla o@

ixLHd msrusv

16 Wvql=re yevh;a .kakd msrusvhla iEu msgu ,efnkafka ljr wjia:djloso@

Yla;s msrusv

17 tfia jSug fya;= fokak

tla fmdaIK jgsgul isg B,Õ fmdaIK ugsgug hdfus oS Yla;sh wmf;a hdu

18 wdydr odufha  tla fmdaIK jgsgul isg B,Õ fmdaIK ugsgug hdfus oS Yla;sh wmf;a  hk Yla;s m%;sY;h ,shkak

90%

19 ljr fya;=jla  ;srl, ksid Yla;sh wmf;a hhs o@

Yajikh i|yd jehjSu

cs¾Kh fkdjQ M, f,i bj;ajk u, o%jH f,i ldnksl wKq bj;a jSu

wdydrhg fkdf.k bj;a lrk fldgia u.ska

20 hgsl=re msrusv ,efnk wjia:d WodyrK f,i fokak  

ixLHd msrusv

ffcj ialkaO msrusv

21 mrsir moaO;shla fjkiajSug ,la fjhs wjidkfha th iu;=,s;;djg m;a fjhs fkdfjkia $ i:dhS ;;ajhg m;afjhs tu iu;=,s; wjia:dj y|qkajk ku ,shkak ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

W;al¾Ij;a m%cdj

j¾Id jkdka;rhla

22 tjeks mrsir moaO;shla jskdYhg ,la jSfuka miq usksidf.a n,mEulska f;drj jir 20 la muK mej;=k fyd;a  tys olakg ,efnkq we;af;a l=ula o@

j¾Id jkdka;rhla

23 wdrusNfha isg fuu wjia:dj olajd tys we;sjk Ydl jsfYaI ixhq;sfha m%.duS fjkiajSus fY%aKsh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

ika;;sh $ixfY%aKsh

24 Ydl nyq,;dj wkqj Ydl jsfYaI ixhq;sh wkqms<sfj,ska olajkak

we,a.S  -----mdis Ydl --- m¾Kdx.  ----;DK  ---me<Egs ----m|qre ----.ia

25 jsjsO fya;+ka u;  ia:dhS m%cdjla we;sjSu je,lS hdug bv we;  tjeks wjia:djka lsysmhla ,shkak

mi ksire jSu  $ wdus,sl jSu

usksidf.a n,mEu

,ejs .sks

26 fujeks fya;+ka ksid we;sjQ iajdNdjsl mrsir moaO;s lsysmhla y|qkajkak

m;k  $;DK N+us

lels,a, uSjk nsus

27 ;DK N+ushl    Y=oaO m%d:usl ksIamdok w.h$ Yajikh i|yd jehjk Yla;s m%udKh  w.y lSh o@

tlg jvd jevshs

28 j¾Id jkdka;rhl Y=oaO m%d:usl ksIamdok w.h$ Yajikh i|yd jehjk Yla;s m%udKh  w.y lSh o@

tlg jvd wvqhs

29 tnejska tall j¾.M,hlska wfkla fmdaIK ugsgus i|yd imhd.; yels jkafka ljr mrsir moaO;sfhka o@  tjeks mrsir moaO;s i|yd WodyrK fokak

id.rh $ fldr,a mr

flgs ld,Sk fNda. iys; j.d nsus

 30 tys mj;sk jsfYaI .Kk l=ula fjs o@

ia:dhS m%cdjl jsfYaI .Kk jevshs

31 mrsir moaO;shl j%jH .,d hdu  jsjD; o@ ixjD; o@ tys mj;sk wldr fol ,shkak

ixjD;hs

jdhquh pl%

wjidos; pl%

32 jdhquh pl% 2la ,shkak

khsg%cka pl%h

ldnka pl%h

33 Ydl ;=, mj;sk khsg%cka wvx.= ixfhda. 3la ,shkak

fm%dagSk   / DNA   $  laf,dfrdms,a j¾Kl

34 tajd ksIamdokh i|yd Ydl jsiska uQ, o%jH mfika we;=¿ lr .kafka ljr wdldr j,ska o@

khsfg%sg

wefudakshus whk f,i

35 khsfg%sg mig ,efnkafka flfia o@

ridhksl khsfg%sg fmdfydr u.ska

 laIqo% cSjSka jsiska isoqlrk khsgs%lrKfhka

jsoq,s flgSu u.ska

khsg%cka ;sr lsrsfuka

36  wefudakshus whk mig ,efnk l%uh ,shkak

i;=kaf.a khsg%ckSh nysi%djSh M,

ridhksl hqrshd $wefudakshus i,afmags jeks fmdfydr u.ska

fm%dagsfhda,hsisia ls%hdj,sh $ weuhsfkda wus, jsfhdackfha oS

37 wefudakshus whk khsfg%sg njg m;a lrkafka mshgr follsks tu mshjr yd iyNd.sjk cSjSka ,shkak

wefudakshus whk   ----    khsg%hsg      cSjska   -- Nitrosomonas / Nitrococcus

khsg%hsg   ------ khsfg%sg                 cSjska   --   Nitrobacter

38 khsg%cka ;sr lsrsu ljr l%u j,g isoq fjhs o@

iycSjS ;sr lsrSu

iycSjS  fkdjk ;sr lsrSu

39 ksoyia khsg%cka  ;sr lsrSu isoqlrk cSjSka ljq o@ Tjqka cSj;ajk ia:dk olajkak

Azotobacter  ---mfia  usrsosh

Nostoc --- usrsosh

Clostridium--- mfia

Anabaena  -- usrsosh

40 iycSjS ;sr lsrSu isoqlrk cSjSka ljq o@ Tjqka cSj;ajk ia:dk olajkak

Rhizobium --- rks, Ydl uq, .egs;s iSlia fldr,a uq,a

Anabaena---- iSlia fldr,a uq,a

 ms<s;=re

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, biounquest.blogspot.com  m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

iuyr jsIhh tall fldgia  ms<sn| oekqu icSjSlrK iu. animescience.webatu.com fj;ska ,nd  .ekSug W;aidy lrkak 

Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu wjYH m%Yak m;%h i|yd fj; biounquest.blogspot.com  msjsfikak'                                                                            fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoSS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu  Wiia fm< jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

mrsir moaO;s

1 wdydr oduhla hkq l=ula o@

mrsir moaO;shl mj;sk fmdaIK wkqms<sfj,

2 wdydr odu j¾. lShla mj;So@ tajd i|yka lrkak

3

3 jsf,damSh $W,d lk wdydr oduh

mrfmdaIS wdydr odu

kslafIam wdydr odu

4 ksIamdolhka uq,ska isgskafka ljr wdydr oduhl o@

jsf,damSh $W,d lk wdydr oduh

5 osrdm;ajk  ldnksl o%jH  j,ska wdrusN jk wdydr odufha ku ,shkak

6 tys mqrela wkqms<sfj,ska ,shkak

 7 mrsir moaO;s ;=, m<uq fmdaIK ugsgu ksfhdackh lrkakka f.a iajNdjh l=ula o@

wfkla fmdaIK ugsgus j,g ldnksl fmdaIl iemhSu

8 nyq,j yuqjk m<uq fmdaIK ugsgfus  isgsk cSjSka  Yla;sh imhd .kakd m%Njh ,shkak

Tjqka jsiska ksmojk ldnksl wdydr

9 iajNdjfha mj;ski ir, wdydr odu we;af;a iq¿ m%udKhls thg fya;=j l=ula o@

tla cSjshl= fjk;a cSjSka lsysm fofkl= u; hefmhs tu cSjSka fjk;a cSjSka f.a o fmdaIK wjYH;d iusmQ¾K lrhs  fus ksid jsjsO YdLkh jQ wdydr odu cd,hla fuka tlsfklg iusnkaoj we;

9 tjekakla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdydr cd,

10 wdydr cd, mej;Sfus jdish ,shkak

ir, wdydr oduhl mqrella bj;a jSu ta u; hefmk wfkla cSjSka f.a meje;aug ;¾ckhls

tlu jsfYaIfha cSjSka w;r ;rÕhla we;s lsrSug th fya;= fjhs

wdydr cd, mej;Su ksid cSjSka w;r ;rÕh wvq fjhs

11 mrsir moaO;shl fmdaIS ugsgus w;r iusnkaO;dj  m%udKd;aul f,i ;Sre m%ia;drsl l%uhlg ksrEmkh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

mdrsirsl msrusv

12 tys wdldr 3 y|qkajkak

Yla;s msrusv

ixLHd msrusv

ffcj ialkaO msrusv

13 tall j¾. M,hl  jQ cSjska tall ld,hloS ksIamdokh lrk uq¿ Yla;s m%udKh Ndjs;fhka ljr jsrusvhla ksrEmkh lrhs o@

Yla;s msrusv

14 ta fjkqjg cSjSkaf.a jsh<s nr Ndjs;hg .kakd jsrusvfha ku ,shkak

ffcj ialkaO msrusv

15 tall j¾. M,hl  tall ld,hloS tla  tla fmdaIK ugsgfus fjfik isgsk cSjska ixLHdj we;=,;a lr ieliQ msrusvfha ku l=jla o@

ixLHd msrusv

16 Wvql=re yevh;a .kakd msrusvhla iEu msgu ,efnkafka ljr wjia:djloso@

Yla;s msrusv

17 tfia jSug fya;= fokak

tla fmdaIK jgsgul isg B,Õ fmdaIK ugsgug hdfus oS Yla;sh wmf;a hdu

18 wdydr odufha  tla fmdaIK jgsgul isg B,Õ fmdaIK ugsgug hdfus oS Yla;sh wmf;a  hk Yla;s m%;sY;h ,shkak

90%

19 ljr fya;=jla  ;srl, ksid Yla;sh wmf;a hhs o@

Yajikh i|yd jehjSu

cs¾Kh fkdjQ M, f,i bj;ajk u, o%jH f,i ldnksl wKq bj;a jSu

wdydrhg fkdf.k bj;a lrk fldgia u.ska

20 hgsl=re msrusv ,efnk wjia:d WodyrK f,i fokak  

ixLHd msrusv

ffcj ialkaO msrusv

21 mrsir moaO;shla fjkiajSug ,la fjhs wjidkfha th iu;=,s;;djg m;a fjhs fkdfjkia $ i:dhS ;;ajhg m;afjhs tu iu;=,s; wjia:dj y|qkajk ku ,shkak ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

W;al¾Ij;a m%cdj

j¾Id jkdka;rhla

22 tjeks mrsir moaO;shla jskdYhg ,la jSfuka miq usksidf.a n,mEulska f;drj jir 20 la muK mej;=k fyd;a  tys olakg ,efnkq we;af;a l=ula o@

j¾Id jkdka;rhla

23 wdrusNfha isg fuu wjia:dj olajd tys we;sjk Ydl jsfYaI ixhq;sfha m%.duS fjkiajSus fY%aKsh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

ika;;sh $ixfY%aKsh

24 Ydl nyq,;dj wkqj Ydl jsfYaI ixhq;sh wkqms<sfj,ska olajkak

we,a.S  -----mdis Ydl --- m¾Kdx.  ----;DK  ---me<Egs ----m|qre ----.ia

25 jsjsO fya;+ka u;  ia:dhS m%cdjla we;sjSu je,lS hdug bv we;  tjeks wjia:djka lsysmhla ,shkak

mi ksire jSu  $ wdus,sl jSu

usksidf.a n,mEu

,ejs .sks

26 fujeks fya;+ka ksid we;sjQ iajdNdjsl mrsir moaO;s lsysmhla y|qkajkak

m;k  $;DK N+us

lels,a, uSjk nsus

27 ;DK N+ushl    Y=oaO m%d:usl ksIamdok w.h$ Yajikh i|yd jehjk Yla;s m%udKh  w.y lSh o@

tlg jvd jevshs

28 j¾Id jkdka;rhl Y=oaO m%d:usl ksIamdok w.h$ Yajikh i|yd jehjk Yla;s m%udKh  w.y lSh o@

tlg jvd wvqhs

29 tnejska tall j¾.M,hlska wfkla fmdaIK ugsgus i|yd imhd.; yels jkafka ljr mrsir moaO;sfhka o@  tjeks mrsir moaO;s i|yd WodyrK fokak

id.rh $ fldr,a mr

flgs ld,Sk fNda. iys; j.d nsus

 30 tys mj;sk jsfYaI .Kk l=ula fjs o@

ia:dhS m%cdjl jsfYaI .Kk jevshs

31 mrsir moaO;shl j%jH .,d hdu  jsjD; o@ ixjD; o@ tys mj;sk wldr fol ,shkak

ixjD;hs

jdhquh pl%

wjidos; pl%

32 jdhquh pl% 2la ,shkak

khsg%cka pl%h

ldnka pl%h

33 Ydl ;=, mj;sk khsg%cka wvx.= ixfhda. 3la ,shkak

fm%dagSk   / DNA   $  laf,dfrdms,a j¾Kl

34 tajd ksIamdokh i|yd Ydl jsiska uQ, o%jH mfika we;=¿ lr .kafka ljr wdldr j,ska o@

khsfg%sg

wefudakshus whk f,i

35 khsfg%sg mig ,efnkafka flfia o@

ridhksl khsfg%sg fmdfydr u.ska

 laIqo% cSjSka jsiska isoqlrk khsgs%lrKfhka

jsoq,s flgSu u.ska

khsg%cka ;sr lsrsfuka

36  wefudakshus whk mig ,efnk l%uh ,shkak

i;=kaf.a khsg%ckSh nysi%djSh M,

ridhksl hqrshd $wefudakshus i,afmags jeks fmdfydr u.ska

fm%dagsfhda,hsisia ls%hdj,sh $ weuhsfkda wus, jsfhdackfha oS

37 wefudakshus whk khsfg%sg njg m;a lrkafka mshgr follsks tu mshjr yd iyNd.sjk cSjSka ,shkak

wefudakshus whk   ----    khsg%hsg      cSjska   -- Nitrosomonas / Nitrococcus

khsg%hsg   ------ khsfg%sg                 cSjska   --   Nitrobacter

38 khsg%cka ;sr lsrsu ljr l%u j,g isoq fjhs o@

iycSjS ;sr lsrSu

iycSjS  fkdjk ;sr lsrSu

39 ksoyia khsg%cka  ;sr lsrSu isoqlrk cSjSka ljq o@ Tjqka cSj;ajk ia:dk olajkak

Azotobacter  ---mfia  usrsosh

Nostoc --- usrsosh

Clostridium--- mfia

Anabaena  -- usrsosh

40 iycSjS ;sr lsrSu isoqlrk cSjSka ljq o@ Tjqka cSj;ajk ia:dk olajkak

Rhizobium --- rks, Ydl uq, .egs;s iSlia fldr,a uq,a

Anabaena---- iSlia fldr,a uq,a