Mollusca

fud,qiald  jxYh 

fuu csjSka Wojq lr .ksuska wid we;s m%Yak j,g ms<s;+re imhkak

ugsgshd  -– ldjdgshd–- f.d¿fn,a,d  -  yusfn,a,d   - oe,a,d - –nQj,a,d  - wgmsh,a,d

1 iuus;sh l=ulao@

oajsmd¾Yajsl iuus;sh $  wiuus;sh

2 wiuus;sl i;=ka we;s jkafka wehs@

ljph jHj¾;khg ,lajsu ksid

3 Tjqka cSj;a jk mrsir fudkjd o@   usrsosh$ mi $ lrosh $

ugsgshd  -– ldjdgshd      ---- usrsosh $ lrosh

oe,a,d -   –nQj,a,d - wgmsh,a,d  ----- lrosh

f.d¿fn,a,d  - – yusfn,a,d  ---- usrsosh$ mi $ lrosh

4 foay ns;a;sfha wvx.= m%ia;r .Kk lsh o@

 ;=khs

5 foay ns;a;sfha wvx.= m%ia;rj, msysgSu  ,shkak

msg; -- nysIap¾uh

we;=,; -- wka;Yap¾uh

uOHj  -- uOHp¾uh

6 fuu jxYfha i;=ka y|qkd .; yels ndysr ,laIKhkaa ,shkak

uDoq foay mej;Su

ysi $fmaYsuh mdoh  yd wka;rx. f.dkqj yd m%djrKh jYfhka fnoS ;snSu

 iuyr i;=kg CaCO₃ nysIa iels,a,la ;snSu $

Lkav rys; foayhla mej;su

7 fuu jxYfha i;=ka y|qkd .; yels fjk;a ,laIKhla ,shkak

lhsgskSuh fkrsus  $o;a iys; f¾;s%ldjla mej;Su

8 YS¾IKhla we;sjQfha o@

Tjs

9 iuyr i;=kaf.a YS¾Ikh  meyeos,s ke;  i|yd WodyrK fokak

wgmsh,a,d  - w,s o;algqjd – ugsgshd

10 iakdhq moaO;sh ljr fldgia j,ska iukajs; fjhs o@

.ex.a,shd hq., 3la  iusnkaOl u.ska ne|S ;snSu

uIaa;sIal .ex.a,shd  tajd iusnkaO lrk iakdhq j,hla orhs

11 foay ns;a;sfha wmsp¾uhg msg;ska we;af;a l=ula o@

iuyr i;=kg CaCO₃ nysIa iels,a,la ;snSu

12 ikaOdrK ld¾hh bgq lrk  fjk;a jHqyhla ,shkak WodyrK fokak

wka;# iels,a, $ oe,s fmd;a;  - oe,a,d

13 M,l 8 lska iukajs; ljp orkafka ljq o@

wgmsh,a,d

14 reOsr ixirK moaO;sh jssjD; o@ ixjD; o@

reOsr ixirK moaO;sh jssjD;hs

15 isf,dauh reOsr fynla  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula ksid o@

th reOsrfhka msrS we;s ksid h

16 wdydr ud¾.h iusmQ¾K@ wiusmQ¾K o@

iusmQ¾K hs

17 ixfjsokh i|yd mj;sk jHqy ,shkak

ir, weia$ .%dysld$ ;=,d fldaIaG

18 weia iys;  .%dysld we;af;a ldgo@

f.d¿fn,a,d

19 .%dysld hq.,a 2 la we;af;a ldgo@

f.d¿fn,a,d

20 uqLh jgd msysgk .%dysld wdydr fmrd .ekSu i|yd Ndjs;hg .kq ,nkafka ljqreka o@

iuyr fomshka fn,a,ka $ w,s o;a lgqjd

21 ldp iys; oshqKq weia orkafka ljr i;=ka o@

oe,a,d

22 Tjqka ;=, ljr moaO;s olakg ,efnhs o@

nysi%j  $ m%ckl $wdydr ud¾.  $ iakdhq  $reOsr$ Yajik

23 nysi%j  moaO;sfha lD;Huh tallh  l=ula o@

jDlalsld

24 Yajik moaO;shla f,i y|qkd .; yelafla ljr jHqyhla o@WodyrK fokak

ndysr c,laf,dau  ---    

 fmky¿

 lxl;

 m%djrKh

25 m%djrKh hkq l=ula o@

wka;rx. f.dkqj jgd msysgk mg,hls

26 m%djrKh l=ula i|yd yev.eiS ;sfns o@ WodyrK fokak

ljph i%djh lsrsug  -- f.d¿fn,a,d  $ fomshka fn,a,ka

kskd, iEosug    --- oe,a,d  $ fomshka fn,a,ka

Yaajikhg

ixprKhg  ---- oe,a,d  $ fomshka fn,a,ka

27 ixprKh i|yd odhl jk jHqy fudkjd o@ WodyrK iys;j fokak

fmaYsuh mdoh $ndyq $.%dysld $kskd, $ jr,a

28 fcgs hdka;%Kh i|yd odhl jkafka l=ula o@ th Ndjs;hg .kakd i;=ka ljqrekao@

kskd,  --- oe,a,d  $ fomshka fn,a,ka

29 fmaYsuh mdoh .=,a yErsug yev.eis  we;af;a ljr i;ajhskaf.ao@ tys mj;sk yev.eiSu ,shkak

fmaYsuh mdoh l+[a[hl yevh .ekSu

w,s o;a lgqjd $ Dentalium

30 tla tla i;ajhska ljr j¾.hlg wh;a fjhs o@

 ugsgshd  -– ldjdgshd         ----   nhs je,ajshd 

f.d¿fn,a,d  - – yusfn,a,d ----   .%eiafg%dfmdavd

oe,a,d -   –nQj,a,d            -----  fl*,fmdavd

 wgmsh,a,d                   ------fmd,sma,elfmdard 

Dentalium                        -----   ialefmdfmdavd

31 f¾;s%ldjla  ork i;=ka wka;¾.; fkd jkafka ljr i;aj j¾.fha o@

 nhs je,ajshd 

32 ta   yd iusnkaO  lD;Huh ,laIKhla fokak

wdydr iQrd .ekSu

33 ,sx.sl m%ckkfha oS ixfiapkh wNHka;r o@ ndysr o@

wNHka;r ----- .%eiag%fmdavd

ndysr     -----  wgmsh,a,d $w,s o;a lgqjd

34 ndysr ixfiapkfhka  nsysjkafkaa ljqreka o@ Tjqka mlaIu orhs o@

fg%dlfmda¾ $ fj,sc¾ lSg wjia:d   --- mlaIu orhs

Plant tissue ans

 Ydl mgl  1

A  

1  fuys we;s ir, ia:sr mgl fudkjd o@

                                uDoqia;r mglh - oDvia;r mglh 

2 tAjd y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

                      fndfyda oqrg rEmShj iudk ffi, j,ska hqla; ksid

3 fuyss oel.; fkdyels ir, ia:sr mgl fudkjd o@

                     ia:q,fldaKdia;r mglh -j,alh

4 tajd yrialvlska y|qkd.; yels l%u fudkjd o@ 

                  j,alh       -        iDcqfldaKdi%dldr yevh

                  ia:q,fldaKdia;r  mglh  -  nyqwi%dldr nj yd ffi,                                                  fldka >kjs ;snSu

5  A  j,ska y|qkajd we;s mglh l=ula o@    uDoqia;r mglh

6 tu mglh  oel.; yels ia:dk ,shkak '     ndyslh -ucacdj

7 tys ffi, ns;a;sh ;=, wka;¾.;h l=ula o@  fi,shqf,daia

8  iuyr  ffi, r;= meyefhka j¾K.ekajS we;af;a  wehs@

                                  iemarkSka u.ska j¾K .ekajSu ksid

9 tu ffi,ns;a;s ;=, wka;¾.;h l=ula o@      ,s.akska

10 tjeks ffi, i|yd WodyrK fokak'

                            jdyskS - jdyldN -oDvia;r  ;ka;=

11 tu ffi, u.ska bgq lrk fmdoq lD;Hhla i|yka lrkak'  ikaOdrKh

12 wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY  we;af;a ljr ia:dkhl o@ uDoqia;r mglh

13 Ydlhg   wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY  jeo.;a jkafka wehs @ ldnkavfhdlaihsvs -Tlaiscka  ixps; lsrSu - m%Ndixiaf,aYKh -Yajikh i|yd $ mdfjk c,c Ydlj, ieye,a,q nj mj;ajd .ekSug

14 ixps;  ld¾hh bgqlrkafka ljrlska o@ rEm igyfka wod,   ixfla;h ,shkak

             ucacdfjs $ndyslfha uDoqia;r mglh

2011-01-09  Ydl mgl   2

 15 rEm igyfka s we;s ixls¾K ia:sr mgl fudkjd o@ rEm igyk u.ska f;dard  wod,  ixfla;h ,shkak

              ffY,u mglh  $maf,dahu mglh

 16  jvd wcSjS ffi, ork mglh ,shkak tys wvx.= ffi, o¾Y ,shkak

              ffY,u mglh 

              jdyskS  $jdyldN $  ffY,u ;ka;=$ ffY,u uDoqia;r

  17 l=vdu ffi,  jevs m%udKhla ork ixls¾K ia:sr mgl kus lrkak tys wvx.= ffi, o¾Y ,shkak

   maf,dahu mglh

  fmfkar k, uQ,dx.$iypr ffi,$maf,dahu ;ka;=$ maf,dahu uDoqia;r

 18    ta u.ska bgq lrk ld¾hh l=ula o@ ta i|yd yev.eiqKq ffi, fudkjd o@

      wdydr mrsjykh

      fmfkar k, uQ,dx.

19 wdydr mrsjykh i|yd tys mj;sk yev.eiSus ,shkak

   isoqre iys; fmfkar ;, ffi, ns;a;s u; mej;Su ksid ffi,fhka ffi,hg ma,diau nkaO yryd wdydr mrsjykh l< yelsh'

 20 iypr ffi,hl   msysgSu ,shkak

fmfkar k, uQ,dx.hg iam¾Yl f,i 

 iypr ffi, ld¾hh l=ula jkafka o@ ta i|yd mj;sk wkqj¾;k ,shkak

              Yla;sh jeh lruska wdydr fmfkar k, ;=,g we;=¿ lsrSu

              uhsgfldkav%shd  nyq,jSu  $ ffi, ns;a;sfha mDIaGSh                        j¾.M,h jevs lsrSu

  21 wdydr mrsjykh lrkafka ljr ixfhda. f,ig o@ iqlafrdaia –                             weuhsfkda wus, - fuso wus,  - .a,sifrda,a 

  22   wdydr ixiaf,aIKh lrk mgl fudkjd o@

                  ia:q,fldaKdia;r  mglh $uDoqia;r mglh           23   l=yruh wcSjS ffi, we;af;a ljrla o@

                              jdyskS  $jdyldN $ oDvia;r  ;ka;=

24 l=yruh fkdjk wcSjS ffi, we;af;a ljrla i|yd o@ 

                           Wm, ffi, $j,alh$ oDvia;r  ;ka;=

25 ikaOdrl mgl f,i l%shd lrkafka ljr ffi,o@ tajd fmkajk  yev.eiSus ,shkak

           oDvia;r  ;ka;=  jdyskS – jdyldN  ia:q,fldaKdia;r  mglh

           ffi, n;a;s .klus jSu  $,s.akska oerSu

           oajs;Shl ns;a;s oerSu

  Ydl mgl   3

26 ffY,u wl%sh jSu flfia isoqfjhs o@

          ffY,u uDoq ia;r ffi, ns;a;sh l+j Tiafia jdyskS ;=,g                     fkrSu  ksid c, mrsjykh wjysr fjhs'

27  wl%sh  ffY,u u.ska ks¾udKh jkafka l=ula o@

               wrgqj

28 lf|a w.%ia:  jsNdclfha ljr fldgila u.ska  ffY,u ks¾udKh   fjhs o@

      m%dla Ndcl mgl

29 lf|a w.%ia:  jsNdclfha ljr fldgila u.ska  ndyslh ks¾udKh   fjhs o@

  ndysl cklh

30 wrgqjl l,a mej;au ;SrKh jkafka l=ulska o@

       j¾Kh  $ wrgqfjs ;ekamlajS we;s o%jH m%udKh  Wod friska$gekska

31 uqf,a w.%fha jsNdcl ffi, y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@

      f.dam cklh

    uqf,a w.%fha wdrlaIdj i|yd mj;skafka l=ula o@

uQ,d.% fldmqj

32 tys olakg ,efnk m%Odk l,dm 3  kus lrkak'

  jsNdcl l,dmh $oslajk l,dmh $ jsfNaokh jk l,dmh

tla tla mgl ks¾udKh  jkafka oslajk l,dmhg wh;a l=uk m%foaY j,ska o@

ndysl cklh  --- ndyslh $ wka;Yap¾uh

p¾u cklh   ---wmsp¾uh $llaIsh  wxl=r

uOH cklh   ----ucacdj $ ikd, l,dm

 33 mgl olakg ,efnkafka  l=uk l,dmfha o@

             jsfNaokh jk l,dmh

34  j¾Okh ksrSlaIKh  l<yels l,dmh  l=ula o@

            oslajk l,dmh

35 jsNdcl ffi, ksrSlaIKh  l<yels l,dmh  l=ula o@

              f.dam cklh $ fpda,h $ldh

Plantae ans

ma,dkafgs rdcOdksh

1 fuu ma,dkafgs rdcOdksh g wh;a jkafka ljr ,laIK iys; csjSka o@

iqkHIaGsl $iajhxfmdaIS $mgl ixjsOdkhla olakg ,efnk csjSka

2 thg wh;a Ydl fldgsGdY fudkjd o@

n%fhdmsgd $fgfrdmSgd $ ,hsfldmSgd $ ihslefvdmSgd $fldksmfrdmSgd$ wekaf;dmSgd

3 fuys oS we;s jpk cSjk pl%hl wkqms<sfj,ska ilikak'

1 nScdKq Ydlh - 2 ckaudKq Ydlh - 3 nscdKq – 4 wKavh -5 wKavdKqOdksh

6 weka;srsvshu - 7 Y=l%dkqj - 8 hqla;dKqj - 9 l,,h

1 - 3 - 2 - 5$6 - 4$7 - 8 -9-1

4 by; i|yka tla tla jHqyh tal .+K o@ oajs.+K o@ hkak olajkak'

nScdKq Ydlh 2n$ ckaudKq Ydlh n $nscdKq n$ wKavh n $wKavdKqOdksh n

weka;srsvshu n$ Y=l%dkqj n $ hqla;dKqj 2n $ l,,h 2n

5 my; i|yka tla tla ld¾hhka i|yd fN!usl Ydl fmkajk yev.eisus i|yka lrkak'

wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu - mDIafGdaorSh m;% msysgSu

ijslsrsu yd c,h yd ,jK wjfYdaIKh --– uq,a msysgSu

nScdKq jHma;sh - – iq<. u.ska isoqjsu

c,h ixrlaIKh $jdIamslrKh je,ela jSu – - bgs Wpsprauhla yd lshqgskSN=; wmsprauhla ;snSu

ld,;rKh --- –N=.; loka ;snSu $ jsfYaI wdjrK oerSu Wod(-nscdjrK mej;Su

wdrlaIdj --lshqgskSN=; wmsprauhla ;snSu $iqfnrska iys; j,alh c,h jdIamslrKh yd laIqo% cSjska we;=,qjSu j,lhs'

6 fm%dgsiagd rdcOdksfha we,a.S Ydl j, ckaudKq ixfiapkh ljr ia:dkhl isoqfjhs o@

c,h ;=,oS

7 tysoS iEfok hqla;dKqj ;=, we;sjk m,uq jsNdckh ljrla o@

ta i|yd WodyrK fokak'

wkqkh --- la,evfmdard $ W,ajd

Wkkh---la,eusfvdfudkdia

8 hqla;dKqfjs isoqjk wkqkkfhka iEfokafka l=ula o@

nScdKq Ydlh

9 nScdKq Ydl foj¾.hla mj;skafka ljr Ydl j, o@

iSlia $ iuyr wekaf;dmsgd j, Wod je,siafkarshd

10 mrfmdaIS nScdKq Ydlhla mj;skafka ljrlg o@

iuyr wekaf;dmsgd $ fmd.kdgqus

11 hqla;dKqfjs isoqjk Wkkfhka iEfokafka l=ula o@ ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

tal .+K nScdKq

la,eusfvdfudkdia

12 nScdKq m%frdayKfhka iEfokafka l=ula o@

ckaudKq Ydlh

13 ckaudKq Ydlh tal .DyS jk wjia:djlg WodyrK fokak

fkmarf,msia

14 iajdOSk ckaudKq Ydl we;af;a ljrlg o@

la,evfmdard $ W,ajd $ fkmarf,msia $ fmd.kdgqus

2011-05-29

15 nScdKq Ydlh ;+, Wkkh isoq jkafka ljr wjia:djl oS o@

nScdKq ksmo jSug fmr

16 cSjk pl%hla ;=, Wkkh isoqjSu jeo.;a jkafka wehs@

f.dfkdauh $ j¾Kfoay .Kk ksh;j mj;ajd .ekSug

17 fm%dgsiagd rdcOdksfha we,a.S Ydl j, j| ffi, j,ska wdjrKh jQ ckaudKqOdks mj;shs o@

kd; ' idudkH j¾Ol ffi, ;+, ckaudKq ksmo fjhs'

18 j| ffi, j,ska wdjrKh jQ ckaudKqOdks mej;Su jeo.;a jkafka wehs@

fN!usl Ydl j, ckaudKq Odks j,g wjYH Wod jsh<Sfuka wdrlaIdj ie,isu

19 fyd|ska jslikh jQ ckaudKq Ydlhla we;af;a ljr fldgsGdYh ;=, o@

n%fhdmsgd

20 wfkla ckaudKq Ydl j,g idfmalaIj fuys olakg ,efnk iqjsfYaIS ,laIK ,shkak

iDcq l|la oersu $ ikaOdrl mgl mej;Su $m;% l| uQ,dN f,i jsfNaokh jS ;snSu

21 iajhxfmdaIS fmdAIKh fmkajk ;,idldr ckaudKq Ydl i|yd WodyrK fokak

fkmarf,msia $ fi,.sfk,d cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh

22 mrdOSk cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh we;s jSug fya;= jQfha ljr ixisoaOshla o@

uyd nScdKqj uydnScdKqOdksh ;=, ;snshoS m%frdayKh jSu

23 tjeks ckaudKq Ydl fmdaIKh ,nkafka l=ulska o@

nScdKq Ydlh u.ska

24 ta u.ska ie,fik fjk;a ld¾hhla ,shkak

uyd nScdKqOdksfha mgl u.ska hqla;dKqjg$ l,,hg wdrlaIdj yd fmdaIKh ,nd osu

jHma;sh i|yd yev.eiqKq jHqyhla f,i l%shd lrhs

Pogonatum ans

Pogonatum ckaudKq Ydlh $ nScdKq Ydlh 

ljr mrsirj, fuu Ydl mj;shs o@

f;;ukh iys; bjqre $;r.ldrs;ajh wvq ia:dk j,

ckaudKq Ydlhl l=uk fkdgia y|qkd.; yelsfjhs o@

l| $m;% $ uQ,dN

ckaudKq Ydl wdldr fldmuK ;sfns o@

folls

tajd fjkalr y|qkd.; yelsfjhs o@ ta flfia o@

mqx ckaudKq Ydlh w.%fha m;% u.ska mdis mqIamh $fmrsf.dakshu ks¾udKh jS we;

fmrsf.dakshu ;=, wka;¾.; jkafka fudkjdo@

weka;srSvshd iy j| frdau

Y=l%dKqOdks ;=, ksmojk Y=l%dKqj, yevh ,shkak

wKavdldr oajslYslSh

Y=l%dKq ksoyia jkafka ljr wjia:djloSo@

j¾Idj we;sjsg $ c,h we;sjsg

mrsk; cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh w.%fha l=ula mj;shs o@

wKavdKqOdks $ wdlsf.dakshu iy j| frdau

ixfiapkh isoqjk ia:dkh ,shkak hqla;dKqfjs m<uq jsNdckh l=ula o@

wKavdKqOdksh ;=,

wkqkh

ixfiapkh miqj iEfok hqla;dKqj fmdAIKh yd wdrlaIdj ,nkafka ljrlska o@

wdrlaIdj ------wKavdKqOdks ns;a;sfha we;s j| ffi, j,ska

fmdAIKh ------cdhd ckaudKq Ydlfhka

hqla;dKqfjs jsNdckh u.ska idokafka l=ula o@

nScdKq Ydlh

tys wvx.= fldgia ,shkak

mdoh $ ;ka;%h $ iafMdgsldj

nSscdKq idok ia:dkh ,shkak

nScdKq ksmojk ffi, fudkjd o@tys os isoqjk jsNdckh l=ula o@

nScdKq ud;D ffi,

Wkk jsNdckh

nScdKq jHma;sh flfia isoqfjhs o@

iq<. u.ska

tajd m%frdayKfhka idok iQ;s%ldldr jHqyh l=ula o@

m%dla ;ka;%h

ckaudKq Ydl yg.kafka flfia o@

wxl=rKh u.ska

Pogonatum

1 ckaudKq Ydlh ljr mrsirj, fuu Ydl mj;shs o@

f;;ukh iys; bjqre $;r.ldre;ajh wvq ia:dk j,

2 ckaudKq Ydlhl l=uk fkdgia y|qkd.; yelsfjhs o@

l| $m;% $ uQ,dN

3 ckaudKq Ydl wdldr fldmuK ;sfns o@

folls

4 tajd fjkalr y|qkd.; yelsfjhs o@ ta flfia o@

mqx ckaudKq Ydlh w.%fha m;% u.ska mdis mqIamh $fmrsf.dakshu ks¾udKh jS we;

5 fmrsf.dakshu ;=, wka;¾.; jkafka fudkjdo@

weka;srSvshd iy j| frdau

6 Y=l%dKqOdks ;=, ksmojk Y=l%dKqj, yevh ,shkak

wKavdldr oajslYslSh

7 Y=l%dKq ksoyia jkafka ljr wjia:djloSo@

j¾Idj we;sjsg $ c,h we;sjsg

8 mrsk; cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh w.%fha l=ula mj;shs o@

wKavdKqOdks $ wdlsf.dakshu iy j| frdau

9 ixfiapkh isoqjk ia:dkh ,shkak hqla;dKqfjs m<uq jsNdckh l=ula o@

wKavdKqOdksh ;=,

wkqkh

10 ixfiapkh miqj iEfok hqla;dKqj fmdAIKh yd wdrlaIdj ,nkafka ljrlska o@

wdrlaIdj ------wKavdKqOdks ns;a;sfha we;s j| ffi, j,ska

fmdAIKh ------cdhd ckaudKq Ydlfhka

11 hqla;dKqfjs jsNdckh u.ska idokafka l=ula o@

nScdKq Ydlh

tys wvx.= fldgia ,shkak

mdoh $ ;ka;%h $ iafMdgsldj

12 nSscdKq idok ia:dkh ,shkak

nScdKq ksmojk ffi, fudkjd o@tys os isoqjk jsNdckh l=ula o@

nScdKq ud;D ffi,

Wkk jsNdckh

13 nScdKq jHma;sh flfia isoqfjhs o@

iq<. u.ska

14 tajd m%frdayKfhka idok iQ;s%ldldr jHqyh l=ula o@

m%dla ;ka;%h

15ckaudKq Ydl yg.kafka flfia o@

m%dla ;ka;%fha yg .kakd wxl=rKh u.ska

Nephrolepis ans

Nephrolepis Ydlh

wkajSlaI rEm

Nephrolepis ckaudKq Ydlh $ nScdKq Ydlh $ mdis mqIamh

1 ljr mrsirj, fuu Ydl mj;shs o@

f;;ukh iys; bjqre $;r.ldrs;ajh wvq ia:dk j,

2 ckaudKq Ydlfha yevh ,shkak

mDIafGdaorshj me;,s yDodldr yevh

3 ckaudKq Ydlhl l=uk fldgia y|qkd.; yelsfjhs o@

;,i $ uQ,dN

4 ckaudKq Ydl wdldr fldmuK ;sfns o@

tlls

5 ckaudKqOdks j, msysgSu l=ula o@

mqx ckaudKq Odks WorSh wmrj

cdhd ckaudKq Odks WorSh mQ¾j

6 Y=l%dKqOdks ;=, wka;¾.; jkafka fudkjdo@

=Y=l%dKq

7 Y=l%dKqOdks ;=, ksmojk Y=l%dKqj, yevh ,shkak

nyqlYslSh i¾ms,dldr foayh

8 Y=l%dKq ksoyia jkafka ljr wjia:djloSo@

j¾Idj we;sjsg $ c,h we;sjsg

9 mrsk; ckaudKq Ydlfha w.%fha uQ,dN j, msysgSu l=ula o@

WorSh wmrj

10 ixfiapkh isoqjk ia:dkh ,shkak hqla;dKqfjs m<uq jsNdckh l=ula o@

wKavdKqOdksh ;=,

wkqkh

11 ixfiapkh miqj iEfok hqla;dKqj fmdAIKh yd wdrlaIdj ,nkafka ljrlska o@

wdrlaIdj ------wKavdKqOdks ns;a;sfha we;s j| ffi, j,ska

fmdAIKh ------ckaudKq Ydlfhka

12 hqla;dKqfjs jsNdckh u.ska idokafka l=ula o@

nScdKq Ydlh

13 tys wvx.= fldgia ,shkak

l| $ m;% $ uq,a

14 N+.; l| y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@ th wdjrKh js we;af;a l=ulska o@

ffrfidauh

iqUq¿

15 nSscdKq idok ia:dkh ,shkak tys msysgsu l=ula o@

fidri

m;s%ldj, Worsh mdIaGfha kdrgs fl<jr we;s nscdkqOdks $ iafMdgsldj ;=,

16 nScdKq ksmojk ffi, fudkjd o@tys os isoqjk jsNdckh l=ula o@

nscdkqOdks j, yevh ,shkak

oajs W;a;,

nScdKq ud;D ffi,

Wkk jsNdckh

17 nScdKq jHma;sh flfia isoqfjhs o@

iq<. u.ska

18 tajd m%frdayKfhka idok iQ;s%ldldr jHqyh l=ula o@

ckaudKq Ydlh

19 ckaudKq Ydlh iajdOSk o@ mrdOsk o@

iajdOSk

Epithelium ans

i;aj mgl   wmspspo mgl

 1 usksia Yrsrh ;=, olakg ,efnk mgl j¾. fudkjdo@  

         wmspspo mgl 

         fmaYs mglh

         iusnkaOl mglh

         iakdhq mglh

2 tla tla mglfha m%Odk ld¾hhka ,shkak

  wmspspo mgl      ----wdrlaIdj

  fmaYs mglh       --- ixfldapkh u.ska p,k we;s lsrsu

  iusnkaOl mglh --- wjhj w;r iusnkaO;dj mj;ajd .ekSu

   iakdhq mglh     --- jsoHq;a  iudfhdackh

3 wmspsPo mglhla olakg ,efnk ia:dkfha olakg ,efnk jssfYaI ,laIKhla ,shkak

  wjldYhla fyda l=yrhlg udhsusj  mej;Su

4 wmspsPo mglhl ffi, iusnkaOjS we;s mDIaGh l+ula o@ 

  orKq mg,h

5 tu mglh fmdaIKh ,nk wdldrh ,shkak

 orKq mg,h iuSmhg .uka lrk reOsr flaYkd,sld ;=,ska jsirKh jk o%jH u.ska

6 fjk;a mglhl olakg fkd,efnk wmspsPo mglhl wdfjsksl ,laIK fudkjd o@

ss   ffi,  orKq mg,hlg iusnkaOjS mej;Su

   ffi, w;r  mQrlh wju jSu

   reOsr iemhqula  fkdue;s jSu

 7 my; oelafjk tla tla ld¾hh i|yd wod,  jk  wmspsPo mglh ,shkak

o%jH yqjudrej   --- ir, Y,aluh wmspsPoh  

i%djh             -----ir, ia:usNsl wmspsPoh  $ ir, mlaIuOr  ia:usNsl wmspsPoh

wjfYdaIKh     ----- ir, ia:usNsl wmspsPoh  $ir, >kdldr  wmspsPoh

laIqo% cSjSka we;=,qjSu je,ela jSu   ------ir, ia;rSN+; wmspsPoh

>¾IKfhka isoqjk ydks j,ska  wdrlaId lsrsu   ----ir, ia;rSN+; wmspsPoh $ ixl%uK wmspsPoh

wxY= mrsjykh     ----- ir, mlaIuOr  ia:usNsl wmspsPoh

8 my; oelafjk tla tla ld¾hh i|yd wod,  jk  wmspsPo mglh msysgs ia:dk ,shkak

o%jH yqjudrej   ---- fmky,q $ fndauka m%djrh

i%djh            -----  wdka;%h  $.%ka:s

wjfYdaIKh    -----   wdka;%h  $ jDlaldKqj

laIqo% cSjSka we;=,qjSu je,ela jSu   -----   yu

>¾IKfhka isoqjk ydks j,ska  wdrlaId lsrsu   ==---yu $ uq;%dYh

wxY= mrsjykh            --------   mef,damSh kd,h  $Yajdi kd,h

Photosynthesis ans

1 ;hs, fldhsv mg, u; tajdg wdfjsKsl ,laIK we;s yrs;m%o wKq we;

.%dkd iu. mj;sk tu wxY= y|qkajk ku ,shkak

PS11       wxY=

2  wka;¾ .%dkd  iqia;r iu. mj;sk tu wxY= y|qkajk ku ,shkak

PS1       wxY=

3 yrs;m%o wKq 300 la muK wk;¾.; jk tjeks m%foaYhla y|qkajk ku ,shkak

m%Nd moaO;shla $Photo system

4 wf,dalh wjfYdaIKh lrk uOHia:dkhla f,i ls%hd lrk fujeks moaO;shla tu Yla;sh ,nd fokafka ljr ia:dkhlg o@

m%Nd uOHia:dkhlg

5 m%Nd uOHia:dkhl  wvx.= jkafka ljr j¾.fha laf,dfrdms,a a wKq o@

P ₇₀₀  yd P₆₈₀

ljr ia:dkhl mj;sk  laf,dfrdms,a a wKq j,ska bf,lafg%dak bj;aj hhs o@

P ₇₀₀  yd P₆₈₀

6 wOsYla;s ;;ajhg m;ajQ bf,lafg%dak ljrla u.ska m%;s.%ykh lrhs o@

bf,lafg%dak m%;s.%dylhla

7 bf,lafg%dak m%;s.%dyl fY%aKshla ;=,ska .uka lrk jsg msrsfyk Yla;sh l=ula i|yd Ndjs; fjhs o@

 ATP  ksmojSug 

8 tu ls%hdj,sh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

m%Nd fmdiafmdrhs,SlrKh

9 c,h m%NdjspsfPokh jk ia:dkhka i|yka lrkak

mxcr lKsld

10 tysoS iEfok M, ,shkak

c,h fm%dafgdak Tlaiscka  bf,lafg%dak

11 tla tla ixrplhg w;ajk brKu ,shkak

c,h  --ffi, ma,diaufha wjYH;d i|yd fhojSu

fm%dafgdak  - NADP u.ska m%;s.%yKh

Tlaiscka   -- ffi, mrsjD;a;Sh i|yd jehmSu  $ jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia jSu

  bf,lafg%dak  -- P₆₈₀  laf,dfrdms,a whkhg ,nd oSu

12  P ₇₀₀   u.ska msgjk bf,lafg%dakh bf,lafg%dak m%;s.%dyl fY%aKshla Tiafia .ukalr Yla;sh ySk jQ jsg l=ula i|yd ,nd fohs o@

NADP⁺  NADPH₂ njg m;alsrSu i|yd ,nd fohs

13 wdf,dal m%;sls%hdfjs O₂ m%Njh l=ula o@

c,h

14 wdf,dal m%;sls%hdj wjidkfha oS b;srs jkafka l=ula o@

NADPH₂ / ATP/ H₂O /O₂

15 w|qre m%;sls%hdfjs wjOs 3 ,shkak

ldfndlais,a lrKh

TlaisyrKh yd PGAL iEoSu

RUBP m%;sckkh jSu yd ldfndayhsvsf¾g iEoSu

16  RUBP wKqj ldnka mrudKq lShla orhs o@

5

17 m<uqj iEfok ia:dhS M,h l=ula o@

PGA

18 wdf,dal m%;sls%hdfjs oS iEoqKq M, jehjkafka l=uk mshjr i|yd o@

  PGAL  iEfok mshjr i|yd

A19   ATP jeh jk mshjr ,shkak

          PGAL  iEfok mshjr i|yd

         RUBP m%;sckkh jSfusoS

   

20  PGAL  l=ula i|yd jehfjhs o@

         .a,qfldaia iEoSug yd RUBP m%;sckkh jSfusoS

  

21Ydl ;=,   u.ska bgq lrk ld¾hhka fudkjd o@

              CO₂ m%;s.%yKh

              O₂ m%;s.%yKh

22 ta i|yd wjYH tkaihsu ,shkak

             RUBP ldfndlaisf,aia

               RUBP Tlaiscfkaia

23 jvd ld¾hlaIu f,i CO₂ m%;s.%yKh  lrkafka ljr ;;aaj hgf;a o@

        by<  CO₂ idkao%Khl oS

  

24    jdhqf.da,fha   lsh o@

       0'03

25  wvq  CO₂ idkao%Khl oS   jvd ld¾hlaIu f,i CO₂ m%;s.%yKh  fkdjSu m%ndixiaf,aIKfha ld¾hlaIu;dj wvqlsrSug fya;= fjhs ld¾hlaIu;dj wvqlsrSug fya;= jk ;j;a idOlhla ,shkak

RUBP  O₂ m%;s.%yKh lsrSu m%Nd Yajikhg fya;= fjhs ta i|yd wdf,dal m5;sls%hdfjs oS iEfok M, jehfjhs’

26 m%Nd Yajikhg ljr bkaos%ldjka odhl fjhs o@

yrs;,j uhsgfldkavs%hd fmfrdlaisfidau

27 ljr Ydl j, m%NdYajikh olakg fkd,efnhs o@

C₄ Ydl j,

28 tys m<uq fjka CO₂ m%;s.%yKh   lrkafka ljqreka o@ RUBP wKqj ldnka mrudKq lShla orhs o@

PEP

3

29  idfmalaIj tys mj;sk jsfYaI  lD;Huh ,laIK ,shkak

  wvq  CO₂ idkao%Khl oS   jvd ld¾hlaIu f,i CO₂ m%;s.%yKh lsrSu

  O₂ m%;s.%yKh fkdlsrSu

30 m<uqj iEfok ia:dhS M,h l=ula o@

    Tlaief,da weisgsla wus,h

31 wdf,dal m%;sls%hdfjs oS iEoqKq NADPH₂ jehjkafka l=uk mshjr i|yd o@

   Tlaief,da weisgsla wus,h mhsrefjsg njg m;ajSfus oS

32 le,ajska pl%h ljr ia:dkhloS isoqfjhs o@

   l,dm fldmq ffi, ;=,

33 ta i|yd CO₂  ,nd fokafka flfia o@

   mhsrefjsg ns|Sfuka

34 tysoS iEfok ;j;a M,hla ,shkak

 NADPH₂

  

35 fuysos jvd;a ld¾hlaIu f,i Tlaiscka m%;s.%yKhg fya;= ,shkak

       by<  CO₂ idkao%Khla mej;Su

       wvq  O₂ idkao%Khla ;snSu

  

36 C₄ Ydl pl%fha  ATP jehjk wjia:d fudkjd o@

          PEP iEoSfus oS

       l,dm fldmq ffi,  ;=, le,ajska pl%fha PGAL iEoSfus oS

37  C₄ Ydl i|yd WodyrK fokak

     ;srsÕ=  brsÕ= fida.us Wla

38 m%Ndixiaf,aYKh flfrys n,mdk ndysr idOl fudkjd o@

      wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj $ WIaK;ajh $m%fhdacH c, m%udKh$Tlaiscka $ksfYaOl $ jdhq oQIl o%jH

39 m;%fha mj;sk ljr idOl m%Ndixiaf,aYK iS>%;dj flfrys n,mdkafka o@

    yrs;,j $laf,dfrdms,a j¾Kl m%udKh $m;% j, wvx.= c, m%udKh$ m;% ixjsOdkh$m;%   mDIaGfha j¾. M,h

40 j¾Khl wjfYdaIK j¾Kdj,sh hkq l=ula o@

 tu j¾Klh u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrk fjkia ;rx. wdhdu  iys; wdf,dalj, wjfYdaIKh lrk idfmalaI m%udKhka fmkajk m%ia;drhhs

41 m%Ndixiaf,aYKfha ls%hd j¾Kdj,sh hkq l=ula o@

fjkia ;rx. wdhdu  iys; wdf,dalj,oS  ls%hdj,sfha idfmalaI ld¾hlaIu;djka fmkajk m%ia;drhhs

42 C₅₅H₇₂O₅N₄Mg  /       laf,dfrdms,aa a j, wKql iQ;%h jkafka l=ula o@

43 r;= wdf,dalh jvd;a wjfYdaIKh lrkafka l=uk j¾Klh o@

laf,dfrdms,aa a

44 ks,a wdf,dalh jvd;a wjfYdaIKh lrkafka l=uk j¾Klh o@

laf,dfrdms,aa b

45 lergfkdhsv j, wjfYdaIKh jvd;a isoqjkafka wjfYdaIK j¾Kdj,sfha ljr m%foaYfhaoSo

ks,a – ous wdf,dalh $ jevs ixLHd;hla iys; m%foaYfha oS

46 lergfkdhsv j, lD;Hh ,shkak

jevs wdf,dal ;Sj%;djfhaoS jevs ixLHd;hla iys;  wdf,dalh wjfYdaIKh u.ska laf,dfrdms,aa  wKq TlaislrKh jSu je,elajSu

47  wfkl=;a  idOl ksh;j ;snsshoS CO₂ idkao%Kh iy  m%Ndixiaf,aYKfha iS>%;dj w;r m%ia;drh ljr fjkiajSula fmkajhs o@

 jevsjk jsg m%Ndixiaf,aYKfha iS>%;dj jevsjS ksh; w.hlg m;ajSu

48  WIaK;ajh iq¿ m%udKhlska jevsl< jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

m%Ndixiaf,aYKfha iS>%;dj jevsjS ksh; w.hlg m;ajSu

49 ksh; w.hlg m;ajSug fya;=j l=ulao@

hus idOlhla u.ska m%Ndixiaf,aYKfha iS>%;dj iSud lr we;s nj

50huslsis ls%hdj,shl iS>%;dj flfrys idOl lsysmhla n,mdhs kus wvqfjka mj;sk idOlh u; m%;sls%hdfjs iS>%;djh r|d mj;S’

51 tjeks idOl y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@ ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

iSudldrS idOl

  wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj $ WIaK;ajh $ CO₂ idkao%Kh