Plant Tissue ans

 Ydl mgl  1

A  

1  fuys we;s ir, ia:sr mgl fudkjd o@

                                uDoqia;r mglh - oDvia;r mglh 

2 tAjd y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

                      fndfyda oqrg rEmShj iudk ffi, j,ska hqla; ksid

3 fuyss oel.; fkdyels ir, ia:sr mgl fudkjd o@

                     ia:q,fldaKdia;r mglh -j,alh

4 tajd yrialvlska y|qkd.; yels l%u fudkjd o@ 

                  j,alh       -        iDcqfldaKdi%dldr yevh

                  ia:q,fldaKdia;r  mglh  -  nyqwi%dldr nj yd ffi,                                                  fldka >kjs ;snSu

5  A  j,ska y|qkajd we;s mglh l=ula o@    uDoqia;r mglh

6 tu mglh  oel.; yels ia:dk ,shkak '     ndyslh -ucacdj

7 tys ffi, ns;a;sh ;=, wka;¾.;h l=ula o@  fi,shqf,daia

8  iuyr  ffi, r;= meyefhka j¾K.ekajS we;af;a  wehs@

                                  iemarkSka u.ska j¾K .ekajSu ksid

9 tu ffi,ns;a;s ;=, wka;¾.;h l=ula o@      ,s.akska

10 tjeks ffi, i|yd WodyrK fokak'

                            jdyskS - jdyldN -oDvia;r  ;ka;=

11 tu ffi, u.ska bgq lrk fmdoq lD;Hhla i|yka lrkak'  ikaOdrKh

12 wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY  we;af;a ljr ia:dkhl o@ uDoqia;r mglh

13 Ydlhg   wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY  jeo.;a jkafka wehs @ ldnkavfhdlaihsvs -Tlaiscka  ixps; lsrSu - m%Ndixiaf,aYKh -Yajikh i|yd $ mdfjk c,c Ydlj, ieye,a,q nj mj;ajd .ekSug

14 ixps;  ld¾hh bgqlrkafka ljrlska o@ rEm igyfka wod,   ixfla;h ,shkak

             ucacdfjs $ndyslfha uDoqia;r mglh

2011-01-09  Ydl mgl   2

 15 rEm igyfka s we;s ixls¾K ia:sr mgl fudkjd o@ rEm igyk u.ska f;dard  wod,  ixfla;h ,shkak

              ffY,u mglh  $maf,dahu mglh

 16  jvd wcSjS ffi, ork mglh ,shkak tys wvx.= ffi, o¾Y ,shkak

              ffY,u mglh 

              jdyskS  $jdyldN $  ffY,u ;ka;=$ ffY,u uDoqia;r

  17 l=vdu ffi,  jevs m%udKhla ork ixls¾K ia:sr mgl kus lrkak tys wvx.= ffi, o¾Y ,shkak

   maf,dahu mglh

  fmfkar k, uQ,dx.$iypr ffi,$maf,dahu ;ka;=$ maf,dahu uDoqia;r

 18    ta u.ska bgq lrk ld¾hh l=ula o@ ta i|yd yev.eiqKq ffi, fudkjd o@

      wdydr mrsjykh

      fmfkar k, uQ,dx.

19 wdydr mrsjykh i|yd tys mj;sk yev.eiSus ,shkak

   isoqre iys; fmfkar ;, ffi, ns;a;s u; mej;Su ksid ffi,fhka ffi,hg ma,diau nkaO yryd wdydr mrsjykh l< yelsh'

 20 iypr ffi,hl   msysgSu ,shkak

fmfkar k, uQ,dx.hg iam¾Yl f,i 

 iypr ffi, ld¾hh l=ula jkafka o@ ta i|yd mj;sk wkqj¾;k ,shkak

              Yla;sh jeh lruska wdydr fmfkar k, ;=,g we;=¿ lsrSu

              uhsgfldkav%shd  nyq,jSu  $ ffi, ns;a;sfha mDIaGSh                        j¾.M,h jevs lsrSu

  21 wdydr mrsjykh lrkafka ljr ixfhda. f,ig o@ iqlafrdaia –                             weuhsfkda wus, - fuso wus,  - .a,sifrda,a 

  22   wdydr ixiaf,aIKh lrk mgl fudkjd o@

                  ia:q,fldaKdia;r  mglh $uDoqia;r mglh           23   l=yruh wcSjS ffi, we;af;a ljrla o@

                              jdyskS  $jdyldN $ oDvia;r  ;ka;=

24 l=yruh fkdjk wcSjS ffi, we;af;a ljrla i|yd o@ 

                           Wm, ffi, $j,alh$ oDvia;r  ;ka;=

25 ikaOdrl mgl f,i l%shd lrkafka ljr ffi,o@ tajd fmkajk  yev.eiSus ,shkak

           oDvia;r  ;ka;=  jdyskS – jdyldN  ia:q,fldaKdia;r  mglh

           ffi, n;a;s .klus jSu  $,s.akska oerSu

           oajs;Shl ns;a;s oerSu

  Ydl mgl   3

26 ffY,u wl%sh jSu flfia isoqfjhs o@

          ffY,u uDoq ia;r ffi, ns;a;sh l+j Tiafia jdyskS ;=,g                     fkrSu  ksid c, mrsjykh wjysr fjhs'

27  wl%sh  ffY,u u.ska ks¾udKh jkafka l=ula o@

               wrgqj

28 lf|a w.%ia:  jsNdclfha ljr fldgila u.ska  ffY,u ks¾udKh   fjhs o@

      m%dla Ndcl mgl

29 lf|a w.%ia:  jsNdclfha ljr fldgila u.ska  ndyslh ks¾udKh   fjhs o@

  ndysl cklh

30 wrgqjl l,a mej;au ;SrKh jkafka l=ulska o@

       j¾Kh  $ wrgqfjs ;ekamlajS we;s o%jH m%udKh  Wod friska$gekska

31 uqf,a w.%fha jsNdcl ffi, y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@

      f.dam cklh

    uqf,a w.%fha wdrlaIdj i|yd mj;skafka l=ula o@

uQ,d.% fldmqj

32 tys olakg ,efnk m%Odk l,dm 3  kus lrkak'

  jsNdcl l,dmh $oslajk l,dmh $ jsfNaokh jk l,dmh

tla tla mgl ks¾udKh  jkafka oslajk l,dmhg wh;a l=uk m%foaY j,ska o@

ndysl cklh  --- ndyslh $ wka;Yap¾uh

p¾u cklh   ---wmsp¾uh $llaIsh  wxl=r

uOH cklh   ----ucacdj $ ikd, l,dm

 33 mgl olakg ,efnkafka  l=uk l,dmfha o@

             jsfNaokh jk l,dmh

34  j¾Okh ksrSlaIKh  l<yels l,dmh  l=ula o@

            oslajk l,dmh

35 jsNdcl ffi, ksrSlaIKh  l<yels l,dmh  l=ula o@

              f.dam cklh $ fpda,h $ldh

Enzyme ans

tkaihsu  tallh 2.4.2

1 tkaihsu ks¾udKh jS we;af;a ljr ldnksl ixfhda. j,ska o@

fm%dagsk yd fjk;a ldnksl wKq  Wod vhs kshqla,sfhdaghsv

2 m%%;sls%hdjl ils%hk Yla;sh  hkq l=ula o@

m%;sl%shdjla wdrusN lsrsug msg;ska ,nd osug wjYH Yla;shhs 

tkaihsu W;afm%arkfha oS m%;sj¾;H m%;sls%hdjla i|yd we;slrk n,mEu  oS we;s ,laIK j,ska f;darkak

   wiudk fyda iudk lsrsu 

   osYdj ;SrKh lsrsu $ fkdlsrsu

  ils%hk Yla;sh wvq lsrsu  $jevslsrsu

   n,mEula we; $ ke;

3  ridhksl m%;sls%hd fjs fndfyda jsg ils%hk Yla;sh -------- ils%hk Yla;sh wvq lsrsu 

4 ridhksl m%;sls%hd fjs bosrs yd miq m%;sls%hdfjs is>%;dj  ---------- wiudk fyda iudk lsrsu 

5 ridhksl m%%;sls%hdjl osYdj      --------- ;SrKh fkdlsrsu

6 ridhksl m%%;sls%hdjl iu;=,s; ,laIhg  ----- n,mEula ke;    

7 m%;sls%hdjla  wjidkfha tkaihsuhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

th fkdfjkiaj mj;S$ kej; m%%;sls%hdjg iyNd.s fjhs

8 wdus,sl udOHfhaoS by< ils%h;djla fmkajk tkaihsuhl ku ,shkak

 frkska  $ fmmaiska

9 NdIausl udOHfhaoS by< ils%h;djla fmkajk tkaihsuhl ku 

,shkak

g%smaiska  $fmmagsfvsia $weuhsf,aia

10 m%Yia; PH w.hla fkdmej;=k fyd;a isoqjsh yelafla l=ula o@

ridhksl m%;sls%hd fjs m%;sls%hdfjs is>%;dj wvq jSu 

11 ridhksl m%;sls%hdjl  m%;sls%hds is>%;djh tla tla WIaK;aj mrdihka ;=, flfia fjkia fjhs o@

 fi  wxYl 0 --10      m%;sls%hd is>%;djh wvq

fi  wxYl 30 –- 40  m%;sl%shd    is>%;djh Wmrsu fjs       

fi  wxYl 80 –- 100     m%;sls%hdj wekysgshs

12 m%;sls%hdj l W;afm%arKh k;r jsug  fya;= ,shkak

by< WIaK;ajh ksid fm%dagSk wiajdNdjslrKhg ,la jsu $;s%udk yevh fjkia jSu

13 m%;sls%hdj l W;afm%arKh k;r jsug  fya;= jk idOl ,shkak

wus, $ NIau $ laId,l $ner f,day Wod Pb ,Hg,Cu   $hqrshd  $ fi  wxYl 30 –- 40  m%;sl%shd   jevs WIaK;ajh

14 tkaihsuhl ls%hdldrS ia:dkh hkq l=ula o@

Wmia;r wKq  iu. iusnkaO jk ia:dkhka

15 tkaihsu Wmia;r ixls¾K h iEoSug ljr iqoqiqlula iusmQ¾K jsh hq;= o@

tkaihsuhl ls%hdldrS ia:dkj, yevh Wmia;r wKq  yevhg iudk jsh hq;=h

16 fus ksid tkaihsuhlg ljr .=Kdx.hla w;afjhs o@

hus m%;sls%hdjla   tla tkaihsuhla u.ska muKla W;afm%arKh lrhs

17 th y|qkajkafka ljr  kulska o@

tkaihsuhl jsYsIaG;djh

18 tkaihsuhl ils%h uOHia:dk fN!;sl jYfhka fjkia jsus j,g ,lajsh yelsh th isoqjkafka ljr wjia:dfjsoSo@ tu hdka;%Kh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

Wmia;r wKq tkaihsuh yd nef|k fudfydf;a oS

fm%ars; iSyqus hdka;%Kh

19 wfkl=;a ;;aj ksh;j ;snshoS tkaihsuhl  idkao%Kh  jevs l< jsg m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj $ ils%h;dj flfia fjkia fjhs o@

ils%h;dj l%ufhka jevsfjhs

20 wfkl=;a ;;aj ksh;j ;snshoS Wmia;r idkao%Kh  jevs l< jsg m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj $ ils%h;dj flfia fjkia fjhs o@

ils%h;dj l%ufhka jevsjS ksh; fjhs

21 ksfYaOlhka wdldr folla we;      tajd fudkjd o@

            1 ;r.ldrs ksfYaOl     2 ;r.ldrs  fkdjk ksfYaOl

22 ;r.ldrs ksfYaOl  hla ls%hdldrS  jsu flfrys mej;sh hq;= iqoqiq lu ,shkak

 Wmia;r wKq j,g iudk yevhla   ksfYaOlhlg  mej;Su

23 thska we;s lrk n,mEu l=ula o@

tkaihsuhl ls%hdldrS ia:dkj,g ksfYaOl wKq ijsjSu Wmia;r wKq  j,g tkaihsuhl ls%hdldrS ia:dkj,g ijsjSu i|yd ksfYaOl wKq iu. ;r. lsrSug isoqjSu

24 tkaihsu ksfYaOk yelshdj my; oelafjk wjia:dj, flfia fjkiafjhs o2

ksfYaOl wKq j, idkao%Kh by< .sh jsg    ---- m%;sls%hdj wekysgSu $M, fkdiEosu

ksfYaOl wKq j, idkao%Kh my< .sh jsg   ----- m%;sls%hdj ;rula oqrg isoqjSu

25 ;r.ldrs  fkdjk ksfYaOl j, l%shdldrs;ajh flfiao@ ta i|yd wodyrK fokak

tkaihsuh iu. iusnkaO jsu ksid th wjlafIam jsu $ wls%h jsu

ner f,day $ lDuskdYl $ ihkhsv ldKavh

26 iyidOl hkq fudkjdo@

tkaihsuhl ls%hdldrS;ajh ld¾hlaIu jSug thg iusnkaO jS we;s fm%dagSk fkdjk fldgia

27 iyidOl rys;  tkaihsuhla y|qkajk ku ,shkak

wefmd tkaihsu

28 iyidOl iys;  tkaihsuhla y|qkajk ku ,shkak

fyaf,d tkaihsu

29 iyidOl wdldr 3  i|yka lrkak

wldnksl whk $ ix,.ak ldKav $iy tkaihsu

30 tkaihsufha fyda Wmia;rj, yevh iqoqiq wdldrhlg ilia lsrsug odhl jkafka ljrla o@

wldnksl whk

31 ;oska ne|qKq ldnksl wKqjla f,i mj;skafka l=ul o@ WodyrK fokak

FMN  FAD  ySus  nfhdgSka

32  Fe iys; ix,.ak ldKavhla ,shkak ta u.ska bgqlrk ld¾hh ,shkak

ihsgfl%dus    -----   bf,lafg%dak jdylhla

ysfud.af,dnska-----Tlaiscka  jdylhla

33 ,sys,aj ne|qKq ldnksl wKqjla f,i mj;skafka l=ua o@ WodyrK fokak

iy tkaihsu A   / ATP  / NAD $ NADP

34 jsoHd.drfha oS vhiafgsia idusm,hla ,nd.ekSug Ndjs; l< yelafla l=ula o@ta flfia o@

m%frdaykh jk jS nSc $uqx nSc  fmdvslr fmrd .eksu

Brain ans

uia;sIalh

 1 fud<fha m%Odk fldgia 3 ,shkak

uia;sIalh  $fud, oKav ^jDka;h& $ wkq uia;sIalh

2 usksia fud<fha m%Odk fldgia 3 ,shkak

             mdoia: .ex.a,shu $uOH uia;sIalh  $ wmr uia;sIalh

3 th jgd mj;sk wdrlaIl mg, fudkjd o@

            lmd,fha wia:HdjrKhg iuSmj     ---– jrdYsldj

            wNHka;rj  ^ uia;sIalh  iuSmj&  ----pSkdxY=ldj

                uOHj            ----c,dldr mg,h

4  c,dldr mg,h waka;¾.; jkafka l=ula @

            iusnkaOl mgl yd uia;sIal iqIquskd ;r,h

5  mQ¾j fud<fhka jslikh jk m%Odk fldgia ,shkak

             uia;sIalh    -;e,uih  - yhsfmd;e,uih

6 uia;sIalh    m%Odk ia;r fol ,shkak

           uia;sIal ndyslh   -  uia;sIal  ucacdj   

7 tys wka;¾.;h l=ula o@

         uia;sIal ndyslh   - OQir o%jH ^ffi, foay&

         uia;sIal  ucacdj    - Yafjs;  o%jH %^uh,ska wdjrK&

8   mDIaGh jevslr .eksug ljr jHqy odhl fjhso@

              ixj,s; mej;Su

9   mDIaGfha mj;sk .eUqre we,s y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@

               mrsLd

10  tjeks mrsLd 3la i|yka lrkak

           uOH  mrsLdj

           md¾Yajsl  mrsLdj

           wmr lmd, mrsLdj

11  uia;sIal LKavsld kus lrkak

         ,,dg  LKavsldj

          wmr lmd, LKavsldj

        YxLl  LKavsldj

md¾Yajsl  LKavsldj

12  my; oelafjk tla tla ld¾hh bgq lrk  ,,dg  LKavsldjg wh;a  m%foaY kus lrkak

udkisl yeÕSus iudfhdackh  --- ,,dg fmfoi

l:kh ms<sn| pd,l l%shd    --- pd,l l:k fmfoi

pd,l l%shd l%udkql+,j yeisrjSu --mQ¾j pd,l fmfoi

lxld, fmaYs l%shd md,kh    --pd,l  lafIa;%h

13  my; oelafjk tla tla ld¾hh bgq lrk  Lkavsldj $ lafIa;%h ,shkak

ri ixfjsokh       --- ri lafIa;%h

l:k ixfjsokh     --- md¾Yajsl lafIa;%h

Y%jK ixfjsokh     --- YxLl  lafIa;%h

oDIags ixfjsokh     --- wmr lmd, lafIa;%h

wd>%dK ixfjsokh    --- YxLl lafIa;%h

iam¾Yh u.ska jia;= ms<sn\ oekqu -- md¾Yajsl lafIa;%h

mSvkh$ WIaK;aj $ iam¾Yh$ fjsokdj ixfjsokh -- md¾Yajsl lafIa;%h

2011- 06-6

 

14  mdoia: .ex.a,shu hkq l=ula o@ tys lD;Hh ,shkak

           OQir o%jH iuQyhla

           lD;Hh  lxld, fmaYs ;dkh meje;ajsu

  15   mdoia: .ex.a,shu  msysgsu l=ula o@

           w¾O f.da, ;=, .eUqrska

    16   lef,dai foay hkq l=ula o@

           iakdhq .uka .kakd m:  $iakdhq ;ka;= f.dkq

17   ;e,ui uia;sIalhg wh;a  fldgiaj, lD;Hh ,shkak

fla;= foayh            --  fu,fgdkska fydafudakh i%djh

oDIagsl p;=Ial        -- oDIaGsl iakdhq yria jegsu

reOsr .%dyS m%;dkh   ---uia;sIalhg wjYH fmdaI o%jH iy Tlaiscka iemhSu   

18  yhsfmd;e,uifha msysgsu l=ula o@

;e,ui  uia;sIalhg my<ska yd msgshqgrshg by<ska

 19 yhsfmd;e,uifha lD;Hh ,shkak

iajhxidOl iakdhq moaO;sfha l%shdmd,kh

yDo iamkaok fjs.h yd  foay WIaK;ajh md,kh

wdi%e;s mSvkh yd PH w.h md,kh

20  uOH  uia;sIalfha r;= kHIags j, lD;Hh ,shkak

brshjs md,kh i|yd m%;Sl  we;slsrSu

wkquIa;sialh yd iqIquskdj  w;r iusnkaO;dj meje;ajSu

21  jefrda,s fia;=fjs OQir o%jH we;s ia:dkh ,shkak

.eUqrska

m%;sfhdacl uOHia:dkh f,i l%shd lrkafka ljrla o@

22  wkquIa;sialfha w¾Of.da, y|qkajk ku ,shkak tys OQir o%jH we;s ia:dkh ,shkak

ksmd,sld 

OQir o%jH we;s ia:dkh    --- –u;=msg

23 mkqlh msysgd we;s ia:dkh ,shkak   ksmd,sld w;r

24  my; oelafjk tla tla ld¾hh bgq lrk  fldgfia ku ,shkak

yDo iamkaokfha n,h yd fjs.h  ---iqIquskd YS¾Ilh

Yajik iS>%;dj md,kh            --- iqIquskd YS¾Ilh

reOssr jdyskS jsia;drakh           --- iqIquskd YS¾Ilh

jukh$ leiai                     --- iqIquskd YS¾Ilh

25 iu;=,s;;dj md,kfhaoS ljr wdfjs.  jeo.;afjhso

 wei  $  w¾O jl%ldr kd,  $fmaYs yd ikaOs j,ska ,efnk wdfjs. 

                  iqIquskdj

Connective Tissue ans

 kshu iusnkaOl mgl

1 ljr m%ia;rfhka fuu mglh iusNjh fjhs o@

uOHp¾uh

2 tu mgfha m%Odk lD;Hh ,shkak

wjhj w;r iusnkaO;dj mj;ajd .ekSu

3 m%Odk iusnkaOl mgl j¾. 3 ,shkak

 kshu iusnkaOl mgl h

 lxld, mglh

 reOsr mglhhs

4 kshu iusnkaOl mgl hg wh;a mgl ,shkak

wrshd, mglh

iqoq ;ka;= mglh

ly ;ka;= mglh

fuso mglh

5 jsjsO ffi, j¾. mej;Su fuu mglfia olakg ,efnk ,laIKhls tajd u.ska bgq lrk lD;Hhka i|yka lrkak

mQrlh i%djh lsrSu

laIqo% cSjSkaf.ka mglh wdrlaId lsrSu

;ka;= i%djh lsrSu

6 ;ka;= j¾. 2 i|yka lr tys ,laIK ,shkak tajd y|qkd.; yels ,laIK fudkjd o@

iqoq ;ka;= --Ydlkh jS fkd;snSu $m<,aa re<s iys; nj $jf,aL mej;Su

ly ;ka;=  --- Ydlkh jS ;snSu $isyska ;ka;= jSu $m%;Hia: nj

7 ;ka;= j, wka;¾.;h l=ula o@

iqoq ;ka;=   --- fld,ecka

ly ;ka;=  --- b,diagSka

8 ;ka;= j, ld;Hh ,shkak

m%;Hia: nj mj;ajd .ekSu $ weoSfus .=Kh  mj;ajd .ekSu -- ly ;ka;=

weoSug Tfrd;a;= oSu  -- iqoq ;ka;=  

9 tu mglhg fmdaI o%jH imhkq ,nkafka flfia o@

reOsr flaYkd,sld u.ska

10 my; oelafjk lD;Hhka bgq lrk ffi, j, ku ,shkak

NlaI ffi,l;dj  --  uyd NlaIl ffi,

m%;sfoay ksmojSu    --- ma,diau ffi,

wdid;ausl m%;sls%hd  ---l=U ffi,

mQrlh i%djh lsrSu ---;ka;= ffi,

;ka;= ksmojSu  ---  ;ka;= ffi,

kj ffi, mglhg tl;= lsrSu ---- ma,diau ffi, $uDoq ia;r ffi,

fuso ixps; lsrSu

11 fuys i|yka lD;Hhka bgq lrk ixfhda. j, ku ,shkak

isks|q fmaYs ixfldapkh  --- ysiageuSka

flaYkd,sld jsia;drKh  --- ysiageuSka

reOsr jdyskS ixfldapkh  ---firfgdkska

ma,diaudj legs.eiSu je,elajSu  ----fymrska

12 iqoq ;ka;= mglfha jsfYaI ,laIK ,shkak

iqoq ;ka;= wOsl jSu ly ;ka;= fkdue;s jSu

13 ly ;ka;= mglfha jsfYaI ,laIK ,shkak

ly ;ka;= wOsl jSu iqoq;ka;= iq¿ jYfhka mej;Su jSu

14 fuso mglfha jsfYaI ,laIK ,shkak

fuso ;ekam;a l< ffi, nyq, jSu

wrshd, mglh

15 my; i|yka ld¾hhka bgq lrkafka  tys wka;¾.; ljr ixrplh u.ska o@

ikaOdrKh iemhSu  ---- fld,eckaa ;ka;=

jsjsO mgl w;r wjldY msrjSu  -- mQrlh yd  ;ka;=

o%jH ;ekam;a lsrSu    --- fuso ffi,

mrsjykh ---reOsrjdyskS

wdrlaIdj --- uyd NlaIl ffi, $ ma,diau ffi,

levS ns|S .sh fldgia w¿;a jevshdj --- uDoq ia;r ffi,  $ ;ka;= ffi,

16 tla tla ia:dkfha olakg ,efnk  mglh  i|yka lrkak

lKavrd    --- iqoq ;ka;= mglh

nkaOkS   --   ly ;ka;= mglh

p¾uh   ---  wrshd, mglh

reOsr jdyskS jgd --- ly ;ka;= mglh

wlaIs f.da, jgd  -- iqoq ;ka;= mglh

wia:s jgd -- iqoq ;ka;= mglh

iajrd,h  --- ly ;ka;= mglh

Cell Respiration ans

iajdhq Yajikh

1 iajdhq Yajikh hkq l=ula o@

ldfndayhsvsf¾g fm%dagSk ,smsv jeks ldnksl ixfhda. ;=, ;ekam;aj we;s Yla;sh Tlaisldrl m%;sls%hd fY%aKshla u.ska ksoyia jSfus ls%hd iuQyh iajdhq Yajikhhs

2 tys m%Odk msyjr 3 ,shkak

.a,hsfld,sish ^.a,hsfldpsfPokh&$fl%ns pl%h $ bf,lafg%dak mrsjyk oduh

3 tla tla ls%hdj,s isoqjk ia:dkh ,shkak

.a,hsfld,sish ^.a,hsfldpsfPokh& --ffi, ma,diauh

fl%ns pl%h ----  uhsgfldkavs%hdfjs mQrlh

 bf,lafg%dak mrsjyk oduh --- uhsgfldkavs%hdfjs we;=,; mg,fha

4 nyq, f,i Ndjs; jk Yajik Wmia;rh ,shkak

.a,qfldaia

5 .a,hsfld,sish ;=, ATP jeh jkafka ljr mrsj¾;kh  i|yd o@

.a,qfldaia  fmdiafmags iEoSfus oS

marelafgdaia vhs fmdiafmags iEoSfus oS

6 .a,hsfld,sish ;=, m<uqfjka iEfok ldnka 3la iys;  wKqj l=ula o@   

PGAL

7  tu ixfhda.h vhsfmdiafmd .a,sirsla wus,h njg m;ajk jsg isoqjk jeo.;a  ls%hd 2 ,shkak

NADH₂  iEoSu

fmdiafmags ldkav  folla jehjSu

8 vhsfmdiafmd .a,sirsla wus,h   njg m;ajk jsg ljr mrsj¾;khla  isoqfjhso@

ATP ksmofjhs

9 .a,hsfld,sisfha wjidk M,h ,shkak tjeks wKq lShla ,efnhs o@

mhsrejssla wus,h

folls

10 .a,hsfld,sisfha wjidkfha  M,hka f,i b;srs jk  ixfhda.  ,shkak tjeks wKq lShla ,efnhs o@

2ATP / 2 PGAL  / 2ADP/  2NADH₂ / 2 mhsrejssla wus,h

11 .a,hsfld,sisfha oS jehjk  ixfhda.  ,shkak

   4ATP / 2NAD / 2ATP $fmdiafmags ldkav  folla $.a,qfldaia wKq 1

12 .a,hsfld,sish iuslrKhla u.ska fmkajkak

   2ATP+2NAD +2ADP +2Pi +.a,qfldaia wKq 1   =                        2ATP +2NADH₂+2 C₃H₄O₃

13 fuu ls%hdj,sh isoqjk ia:dkh ,shkak

ffi,ma,diauh

14 mhsrefjsg wKqfjs brKu l=ula jsh yels o@

weisghs,a iy tkaihsu A njg m;ajSu

meiSug ,lajSu

14 ,elagsla wus,h iEoSfus oS jehjkafka l=ula o@ tjeks m%;sls%hd isoqjk ia:dk i|yka lrkak

NADH₂

O₂  wKq rys; ;;aj hgf;a fmaYs ffi, ;=,

,elafgd neis,ia jeks nelagSrshd ;=,

15 tys wjidk yhsv%cka m%;s.%dylhd ljq o@

mhsrefjsg

16 uOHidr meiSu isoqjk jsg iEfok w;rueos wKqj ,shkak

weisge,avsyhsvs

 17 tys wjidk yhsv%cka m%;s.%dylhd ljq o@

weisge,avsyhsvs

18  th ;SrKh jkafka ljrla u; o@

Tlaiscka ;snSu 

uhsgfldkavs%hd mej;Su

19 uhsgfldkavs%hd ;=,g we;=¿jSug fmr mhsrefjsg wKqfjs ljr fjkila we;sfjhs o@ iEfok M,h ,shkak

 H mrudKq 2 la ksoyia jSu

CO₂  wKqjla ksoyia jSu

weisghs,a iy tkaihsu A

20  uhsgfldkavs%hd ;=,g mrsjykh jSfuka wk;=rej  weisghs,a iy tkaihsu A .%yKh lrkafka ljr wKqjlska o@  iEfok M,h ,sykak

Tlaief,da weisgsla wus,h

isgsf¾g $isgsrsla wus,h

21  weisghs,a iy tkaihsu A njg m;ajSfus oS isoqjk ;j;a fjkila ,shkak

NADH₂ iEoSu   CO₂  iEoSu

22 weisghs,a iy tkaihsu A brKu l=ula o@

fl%ns pl%hg iyNd.s jSu

23 uhsgfkdkavs%hdfjs wNHka;r mg,fha jsfYaI ,laIK ,shkak

mDIaGh jevslr .ekSu i|yd fkrsus $ ushr mej;Su

tkaihsu iys; ixjDka; wKq ;snSu

24 wka;( ushr wjldY mj;skafka l=ula o@

25 we;=,; mg,h u; ljr ls%hd isoqfjhs o@

Tlaisldrl fmdiafmdrhs,SlrKh

26 mQrlh ;=,  ljr ls%hd isoqfjhs o@

fl%ns pl%h

27 ATPase  tkaihsuh we;af;a ljrla ;=, o tys lD;Hh ,shkak

ixjDka; wxY= ;=,

 ATP wKq ns| fy,Sfuka $c,jspsfPok Yla;sh ksoyia lsrSu

28 fl%ns pl%h ;=, oS iEfok M, fudkjd o@

  mhsrejsla wus, wKq 1 la i|yd 

fu!, 1 la  ATP / fu!, 3 la  NADH₂  / fu!, 1 la  FADH₂ iEoSu   $  fu!, 2 la  CO₂  iEoSu

29 kej; mqk¾ckkh jk wKqj l=ula o@

Tlaief,da weisgsla wus,h

30 bf,lafg%dak mrsjyk moaO;sh we;af;a ljr ia:dkhl o@

uhsgfldkav%shd wNHka;r mg,h u;

31 fl%ns pl%%hg  we;=¿jk wKqj u.ska ksmojk H mrudKq fojkqj m%;s.%ykh lrkafka ljr wKqjla u.skao@

FAD

32   H mrudKq 2 la bf,lafg%dak mrsjyk moaO;sh Tiafia .uka lrkjsg  ATP wKq lshla iEfohs o@

  3 ATP

33 wjidk yhsv%cka m%;s.%dylhd ljq o@ tysos iEfok M,h ,shkak

O₂  wKqj

c,h

 

Nerve Tissue

iakdhq mglh

1 iudfhdackh f,i y|qkajkafka l=ulao@  tys mj;sk  m%Odk ls%hdj,s 3 ,shkak

 ndysr fyda wNHka;r fjkiajsus $W;af;ach m%;s.%yKh

th wjfndaO lr .ekSu

m%;spdr oelajSu

2 ta i|yd  l=uk moaO;s odhl fjhs o@

iakdhq moaO;sh - jsoHq;a iudfhdackh

wka;rdi¾. moaO;sh - ridhksl iudfhdackh

3 usksidf.a  ndysr W;af;ach m%;s.%yKh l=ulska isoqfjhso@

 ixfjso bkaos%hhka u.ska

4 m%;spdr oelajSfusoS ls%hd;aul jkafka ljrlao@

 ldrlh $fmaYshla fyda .%ka:shla

5 my; oelafjk tla tla W;af;ac ljrla u.ska m%;s.%yKh lrhso@

Ynsoh  --lK

jd;fha we;s ridhksl o%jH - kdih

c,fha oshjQ ridhksl o%jH  -- osj

iam¾Yh -- yu

wdf,dalh -- wei

6 W;af;ac wjfndaO lr .ekSu isoq lrkafka l=ulska o@

uOH iakdhq moaO;sfhka $ fud<h yd iIquskdj u.ska

7 iakdhq moaO;sfha jHqyuh tallh l=ula o@

kshqfrdakh

8 tys m%Odk  fkdgia  fudkjd o@

ffi, foayh

iakdhquh m%ir $wlaik $wkqYdLsld

9 ffi, foayfhka bj;g wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh lrkafka l=ula o@

wlaik

10 ffi, foayfhka foig wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh lrkafka l=ula o@

wkqYdLsld

11 ffi, foayh ljr yevhla .kshs o@

wl%uj;a ;drldldr yevh

12 tys  ksi,a lKsld f,i yuqjkafka  ljrlao@

rhsnfidau

13 w.%ia: n,an f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

wlaikh fl<jr mj;sk bosuqu

14 wlaikh jgd t;Su isoq lrkafka ljr ffi, o@

Yafjdaka ffi,

15 kshqrsf,udj  f,i y|qkajkafka ljrla o@

Yafjdaka ffi,fha msg; mg,hhs’

16 rkajsh¾ .eg f,i kus lrkafka ljrla o@

Yafjdaka ffi, folla w;r m%foaYhhs

17 uh,ska we;af;a ljr ia:dkhl o@ tys mj;sk .=Kdx.h l=ula o@

Yafjdaka ffi,fha  kshqrsf,udj $ma,diau mg,  w;r

jsoHq;a mrsjdrl f,i ls%hd lsrSu

18 uh,Ska fldmqj rys; kshqfrdak orkafka ljqrekao@

wmdIaG jxYSka

19 uh,Ska fldmqj ;snsfuka we;sjk jdish l=ula o@

wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h jevsjSu

Yafjdaka ffi,fha

20 wlaikfha  uh,Ska fldmq w;r m%foaYh ljr kulsla y|qkajhs o@

rkajsh¾ .eg

21 wdfjs. iusfm%aIK  osYdj wkqj kshqfrdak  j¾. lr we;af;a flfia o@

wNsjdyS $ixfjsol kshqfrdak  - m%;s.%dylfha  $ixfjso bkaos%fha isg  uOH iakdhq moaO;sh fj;g  wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh

wmjdyS $ pd,l kshqfrdak  - uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha bj;g $ ldrlh fj;g wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh

wka;¾ydr kshqfrdak  - uOH iakdhq moaO;sh ;=, wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh

22 m%ir ixLHdj wkqj kshqfrdak  j¾. lr we;af;a flfia o@

   tal O%ej kshqfrdak

   oajs O%ej kshqfrdak

   nyq O%ej kshqfrdak

23 kshqfrdakhl  wlaikfha ffi, ma,diauh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wlaima,diauh

24 kshqfrdakhl  wlaikfha ma,diau mg,h ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wlaik mg,h

25 wdfjs.hla iusfm%aIKh fkdlrk wjia:dfjsoS tys we;=,; yd msg; mj;sk wdfrdamK

fudkjd o@

msg;  --- Ok wdfrdamK

we;=,; ---iDK wdfrdamK

26 tu fjkig  fya;= ,shkak

msg;g idfmalaIj we;=,; K⁺ wdfrdamK idkao%Kh by< hdu

we;=,;g idfmalaIj msg; Na⁺ wdfrdamK idkao%Kh by< hdu

27 fuu idkao%K fjki mj;ajd .ekSfusoS l=ula jeh fjhs o@

Yla;sh $ ATP

28 fuu mrsjyk l%uh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

ils%h mrsjykh $ whk fmdusm lsrSu

29 tu ksid we;sjk m%;sM,h l=ula o@

we;=,;g idfmalaIj msg; Na⁺ whk idkao%Kh

by< hdu  mg,fha msg;g  Ok wdfrdams; jSu yd we;=,;g idfmalaIj msg;

 K⁺ whk idkao%Kh by< hdu fya;=fjka mg,h we;=,;  iDK wdfrdams; jSu

30 tysoS  mg,h fomi we;sjk jsNjh lSh o@

-60 mV /  - 70 mV

31 W;af;achla ksid isoq jkafka l=ulao@

ils%h mrsjykh wekysgSu ksid ir, jsirKh wdrusN jSu

32 tysoS whk .uka lrkafka l=ula yryd o@

isoqre iys; fm%dagsk wKq yryd

33 tu ksid we;sjk m%;sM,h l=ula o@

msg;g idfmalaIj we;=,; Na⁺ whk idkao%Kh

by< hdu  mg,h we;=,;  Ok wdfrdams; jSu yd we;=,;g idfmalaIj msg;

 K⁺ whk idkao%Kh by< hdu fya;=fjka mg,h we;=,;  iDK wdfrdams; jSu

34 tu ls%hdj y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

jsO%ejKh

35 tysoS ia:dkSh Odrdj yg .kafka ljr ia:dk w;r o@

jsO%ejK ia:dkh yd bosrsfhka mj;sk O%ejK ia:dkh w;r

36 tysoS  we;sjk jsNjh lSh o@

 +40 mV

39 tysoS ia:dkSh Odrdj yg .ekSu ksid we;sjk fjk;a n,mEula ,shkak

bosrsfhka we;s O%ejK ia:dkh jsO%ejKh i|yd fm<UjSula we;s jSu

40 tu n,mEu ia:dkSh Odrdjg flfia n,mdhs o@

ia:dkSh Odrdj bosrshg .uka lsrSu i|yd

41 l,ska O%ejKh jQ ia:dkhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

ils%h mrsjykh $ whk fmdusm lsrSu u.ska mg,h O%ejK ;;ajhg f.k ths $m%;sO%ejKh lrhs

42 ta i|yd .;jk ld,h l=ula o@ th y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

us,s ;;amr 1

wkiaij ld,h

43 wlaikhl uh,ska fldmqj  jsoHq;a  mrsjdrl fjs’ ta wehs@

tys uh,Ska kus jQ fuso ;ekam;a js ;snSu ksid

44 tysoS  jsO%ejKhg ,la jkafka ljr ia:dko@

rkajsh¾ .eg iuSmfha

45 tysoS ia:dkSh Odrdj yg .kafka ljr ia:dk w;r o@

jsO%ejK ia:dkh yd bosrsfhka mj;sk   rkajsh¾ .egfha O%ejK ia:dkh w;r

46 uh,ska fldmq fkdue;s wlaik orkafka ljqrekao@

wmDIaGjxYSka

47 th wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.hg flfia n,mdhs o@

 wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h jevs lsrSug fya;= fjhs

wmDIaGjxYSkaf.a wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h  100ms^-1  kus  mDIaGjxYSkaf.a wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h lSho@

120ms^-1  

48   wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h r|d mj;skafka ljr jHqySh ,laIK u;o@

wlaikfha yria lv j¾. M,h wvqqjk jsg wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h  wvqfjhs $m%;sfrdaOh jevsfjhs

49 wmDIaGjxYSkaf.a wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h jevs lr .eksug ljr jHqySh ,laIK odhl fjhs o#

wlaikfha yria lv j¾. M,h jevslr .eksu $ fhdaO wlaik mej;Su

50 wlaikfha fl<jr we;s w.%ia: n,an mg,h y|qkajkafka ljr kulskao@

mQ¾j Wmd.u mg,h

51 jsO%ejK ;;ajh fus  olajd meusKs miq tys mdr.uH;dfjs ljr fjkila isoq fjhs o@

le,aishus whk j,g olajk mdr.uH;dj jevsfjhs

52 ta iu. w.%ia: n,anh ;=, ljr fjkila we;sfjhs o@

Wmd.u wdYhsld mQ¾j Wmd.u mg,hg iusnkaO jSu yd tys we;s ridhksl iusfm%aIlh  ksoyia lsrSu

53 tajd fha b,lalh ljrla o@

Wmd.uh yryd wkqYdLsldj fj; <Õd jSu

54 hdno kshqfrdakfha m%;s.%dyl fmfoi y|qkajkafka ljr kulskao@ tys isoqjk fjki l=ula o@

mYap Wmd.u mg,h

tu mg,h jsO%ejKh jSu

55 ridhksl iusfm%aIlh  f,i ls%hd lr, ixfhda. fudkjd o@

weisghs,a flda,Ska --- fkdrevsrsk,Ska --- firfgdkSka

56 wjidkfha ridhksl iusfm%aIlh g  w;ajk brKu l=ula o@

tkaihsuhla u.ska th c,jspsfPokh jSu

57 tjdks tkaihsuhla i|yka lrkak tu ls%hdj,sfha we;s jeo.;alu l=ula o@

flda,Ska tiafg%sia

iEfok M, kej;  w.%ia: n,an ;=,g we;=,q jSfuka weisghs,a flda,Ska ksmojSu

kej; wdfjs.hla iusfm%aIKh lsrSug wjia:dj ie,iSu

58 w.%ia: n,anh ;=, isoqjk fuu ls%hdj,sh ksid wdfjs. iusfm%aIKfha ljr ,laIKhla  oel.; yels o@

tla osYdjlg muKla wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh lsrSug yelsjSu

59 iuyr lDus kdYl u.ska ljr ls%hdj,shlg n,mEus we;s lrhs o@

flda,Ska tiafg%sia jskdY lrhs

60 cd,dldr iakdhq moaO;shla olakg ,efnkafka ljr i;aj jxYhg o@

ksfvsrshd$ tlsfkdv¾udgd

61 mDIaGjxYS iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia fol i|yka lrkak

uOH iakdhq moaO;sh

m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sh

62 uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia fol i|yka lrkak

fud<h yd iqIquskdj

63 m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk ixrp; fol i|yka lrkak

ffoysl iakdhq

wka;rx. iakdhq

64 iajhxidOl  iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk ixrpl fol i|yka lrkak

wkqfjs.S iakdhq moaO;sh

m%;Hkqfjs.S iakdhq moaO;sh

65 m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sfha lD;Hh l=ula o@

iuia:s;sh $wkspsPdkq. ls%hd md,kh

yosis ;;ajhlg Yrsrh iQodkus lsrSu $ yosis ;;ajhl oS igka lsrsug  fyda m,d hdug iQodkus lsrSu

66 iakdhq ksl=;a jkafka ljr ia:dk j,ska o@

lmd, iakdhq    ---  fud,h

iqIquskd iakdhq  ---  iqIquskdj fomiska msysgk mDIaGSh uQ,h  $ wmr uQ,h yd WorSh uQ,h $mQ¾j uQ,h  Tiafia

67 mDIaGjxYS iakdhq moaO;sfha iqIquskd iakdhq  hq., lShla ;sfns o@  

iqIquskd iakdhq  31

68 mDIaGjxYS iakdhq moaO;sfha lmd, iakdhq hq., lShla ;sfns o@  

lmd, iakdhq    12

69 iqIquskd j jgd mj;sk wdrlaIl wdjrK fudkjd o@

uOH       ---  c,dldr mg,h

msg;ska –   ---  jrdYsldj

we;=,;ska ---- pSkdxY=ldj

70  uIa;sIal iqIquskd ;r,h msysgkafka ljr fldgfia o@

uOH kd,h ;=,

th iusnkaO jkafka fud<fha ljr fldgi iu. o@

uIa;sIal fldaIsld iu.

72 iqIquskdfjs msg;ska msysgk  iqoq meye;s Yafjs; o%jH ljrla orhs o

kshqfrdak j, uh,skSN=; ;ka;=

73 iqIquskdfjs we;=,;ska msysgk  w¿ meye;s OQir o%jH ljrla orhs o

kshqfrdak j, ffi, foay

74 wNsjdyS kshqfrdak we;=¿ jkafka ljr uQ,h Tiafia o@

wmr uQ,h

75 tys ffi, foayh ljrla ;=, wka;¾.; fjhs o@

wmr uQ, .ex.a,shu

76 pd,l kshqfrdakh ksl=;a jkafka ljr uQ,fhka o@

mQ¾j uQ,fhka

77 iqIquskdj ;=, mj;sk kshqfrdakh l=ula o@

wka;¾ydr kshqfrdakh

78 tys ld¾hh l=ula o@

ixfjsol kshqfrdakh yd pd,l kshqfrdakh  w;r f;dr;=re iusnkaOSlrKh