Liver Function ans

1 wlaudfjs msysgSu ,shkak

W;a;r ol=Kq Nd.fha

2 tys m%Odk fldgia fol l=ula o@

ol=Kq LKavsldj yd jus LKavsldj

3 jvd jsYd, l=uk Lkavsldj o@

wlaudjg TlaislD; reOsrh imhkafka l=uk jdysksfhka o

hdlD;sl Ouksfhka

4 wlaudfjs yrialv ksrslaIKh lrkak tys olakg ,efnk Ivi%dldr jHqyfha ku ,shkak tys uOHfha wvx.= jkafka l=ula o@

wlaud wkqLKavsldj

uOH Ysrdj$ wka;( wkqLkavsl Ysrdj

5 Ivi%dldr jHqyfha fldka j, we;af;a iusnkaOl mgl j,ska iukajs; .a,sika m%djrhhs tys olakg ,efnk fjk;a foa fudkjd o@

hdlD;sl Ouksfha YdLdjla $ hdld;sl  m%;sydr Ysrd YdLdjla $ 

ms;a; m%Kd,

6 wlaud ffi, fyj;a fymefgdffig ffi, ia:usN f,i ms<sfh, jS we; tajd tla me;a;kska reOsrfhka keyefjhs  reOsrfhka msreKq wjldYh l=ula o@

wlaud fldagrdN

7 tu ffi, j,g wfkla miska we;af;a l=ula o@tys wka;¾.;h ,shkak

ms;a; kd,sld

ms;a hqIh

8 wlaud fldagrdN ;=,g reOsrh we;=¿ jkafka ljr foiska o@ ljr foilska bj;g .,hso@

.a,sika m%djrh foiska

9 l=mam¾ ffi, msysgk ia:dkh ,shkak tys lD;Hh l=ula o@

wlaud fldagrdN

jhia.; r;= reOsrdKq ns|Su$ jskdY lsrSu

10 wlaud ffi, ;=, .nvd lrk jsguska  fudkjd o@

jsguska  A , jsguska  D, jsguska  E, jsguska  K

11  reOsrfha .a,qfldaia idkao%Kh jevsjQ jsg wvqjQ wlaud ffi, ;=, .nvd lrk ldfndayhsvsf¾gh l=ulao@  th W;af;ackh lrk fydafudakh  ksmofjk ia:dkh  ,shkak

.a,hsfldcka

w.akHdifha ,eka.yeka oajSmsld j, nSgd ffi, j,ska bkaishq,ska 
ksmojsu

12 reOsrfha .a,qfldaia idkao%Kh  ksh; m%udKhg jvd  wvqjQ jsg wlaud ffi, ;=, isoqjk ls%hdj,sh  l=ulao@

.a,hsfldcka .a,qfldaia njg ns|Su$ .a,qfldaia hdukh

13 th W;af;ackh lrk fydafudakh  ksmofjk ia:dkh  ,shkak

w.akHdifha ,eka.yeka oajSmsld j, we,amd ffi, j,ska .a,ql.ka 
ksmojsu

14 fuu lD;H yereKq fldg fuys i|yka fydafudak$ reOsrh $,smsv  $ ma,diau fm%dagSk $ jsI $fm%dagsk ms<sn|j ljr fufyjrla bgq lrkq ,nhs o@

ma,diau $reOsr fm%dagSk    ksmojSu

,sx. fydafudak wls%h lsrSu

jsI keisu

w;srsla; fm%dagsk ns|Su $ weuhska yrKh

usksia fuso ksmojSu

reOsrh ixps; lsrSu$ ysfud.af,dnska neyer lsrsu $ reOsrh u.ska WIaK;aj hdukh

Echinodermata ans

mieÕs,a,d -Nx.=r ;drldjd -uqyqoq lelsrs -uqyqoq blsrs - uqyqoq ,s,S

1 fuu cSjSka fjfik mrsirh l=ula o@ lrosh

2 fuu ,laIK j,g .e,fmk i;=ka f;darkak

uOH u~f,ka fjkajS we;s ndyq 5la mej;Su ------- mieÕs,a,d

l=vd f.da,dldr meyeos,sj fjkajQ ndyq 5la mej;Su ----- Nx.=r ;drldjd

ndyq fkdue;s f.da,dldr foayh --- uqyqoq blsrs

os.gs is,skavrdldr foayh ------ -uqyqoq lelsrs

uKshla jeks l=vd foayfhka jsysfok ndyq 5 ls ----- uqyqoq ,s,S

3 tlsfkdv¾udgd jxYfha i;ajhl+ y|qkd.; yelafla ljr ndysr ,laIK u.ska o@

mxp wrSh iuus;sh $ uqLh jgd ndyq 5la mej;Su

4 uqyqoq lelsrs f.a yevhka i|yd WodyrKhla ne.ska ,shkak'

is,skavrdldr---- uqyqoq lelsrs

mqIam yev ---- uqyqoq ,s,S

;drldldr yev ---- mieÕs,a,d -Nx.=r ;drldjd

5 fndfyda oqrg T;a cSjsldjla .; lrkafka ljq o@

mieÕs,a,d -uqyqoq lelsrs - uqyqoq blsrs - uqyqoq ,s,S

6 fu!L --– wms fu!L wlaIh yryd msysgkafka l=ula o@

uqLh yd .=oh

7 fuu ,laIK j,g .e,fmk i;=ka f;darkak

,laIKh WodyrK

fu!L - .=oh wms fu!L - uqLh mieÕs,a,d

uOH uqLh .=oh ke;s ----- Nx.=r ;drldjd

uOH $ md¾Yajsl uqLh .=oh we;s ----- uqyqoq blsrs

fu!L - .=oh yd uqLh ----- uqyqoq ,s,S

wmr - .=oh mQ¾j - uqLh ---- uqyqoq lelsrs

8 ndyq l+ula i|yd fhdod .kafka o@

ixprKhg $tys we;s kd,mdo u.ska f.doqre uqLh ;+,g .ekSug yd ixprKhg

7 c,fhka msreKq isf,dausl kd, fY%qaKsh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@  

c,jdyskS moaO;sh

8 th iEoS we;af;a flfia o@ thg c,h we;=¿jk ia:dkh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

uqLh jgd msysgs kd,hla yd ndyq Tiafia wrshj jsysfok kd, yd thska jsysfok YdLd kd, kd,mdo fj;g jsysfohs u.ska

weys ;,h

9 c, jdyskS moaO;sh wdY%s; j isoqjk ld¾hhka ,shkak

nysi%djh $ jdhq yqjudrej

10 p¾uSh c,laf,dau j, odhl;ajh l=ula o@ tys msysgSu ,shkak

isf,dauhg jsjD; p¾uSh fkrSus

11 iels,a, ljr j¾.hg wh;a fjhs o@ th iEoS we;af;a flfia o@

wNHka;r iels,a,

CaCO₃ j,ska

12 foay mDIaGfha mj;sk fkrsus foj¾.h kus lrkak tajd oel .; yels i;=ka ljqreka o@

LKaGl yd fmvsif,arshd

13 foay mDIaGfha mj;sk fkrsus foj¾.h kus lrkak tajd oel .; yels i;=ka ljqreka o@

mieÕs,a,d -uqyqoq blsrs

14 wNHka;r iels,a, iusnkaO jHqy fudkjd o@

LKaGl

15 c, jdyskS moaO;sh wdY%s; j isoqjk ld¾hhka ,shkak

nysi%dj wmo%jH msg;g uqod yerSu $ jdhq yqjudrej

17 pr kdr we,s f,i y|qkajkafka fudkjd o@

fu!L mDIaGfha msysgk uqLh olajd wrShj jsysfok we,shla

18 th fomi wvx.= fkrsus ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

kd,mdo

19 kd,mdo j, isoqjk ld¾hhka ,shkak

jdhq yqjudrej $ ixprKh $ .=,a yErSu $ Wmia;rhg ijsjSu

20 fuu kd,mdo ,laIK j,g .e,fmk i;=ka f;darkak

pQIlr rys; kd, mdo fma,s 2 la -- Nx.=r ;drldjd

pQIlr iys; isyska kd, mdo ---- uqyqoq blsrs

uqLh jgd msysgk .%dysld wdldr kd,mdo --- uqyqoq lelsrs

21 jdhq yqjudrejg odhl jk fjk;a jHqy ,shkak

Yajik .ia $ kd, mdo $ .=o c,laf,dau

22 fuu jxYfha i;+kaf.a foay ns;a;sfha wvx.+ m%ia;r fudkjd o@

nysIap¾uh $ wka;Yap¾uh $ uOHap¾uh

23 fudjqka i;= oshqKq ,laIK i|yka lrkak

wNHka;r iels,a, uOHap¾ufhka jHq;ajkak jSu

l,,fha ns,diag Pso%h .+oh njg m;ajSu

24 Yajik .ia olakg ,efnkafka ljr cSjSka ;+, o@

uqyqoq lelsrs

25 iakdhq ffi, jsisrS we;af;a flfia o@

uqLh jgd iakdhq j,hla yd bka ksl=;ajk wrsh r oe,la f,i

26 ixfjsoS jHqy f,i mj;shs o@

laaISk jS we;

27 mqk¾j¾Okh isoq lrkafka ljqreka o@

mieÕs,a,d -Nx.=r ;drldjd

28 ndyq YdLkh js we;af;a ldf.a o

fmoeÕs,a,d$ uqyqoq ,s,S

29 uqLh yd .=oh tlu me;af;a msysgkafka ljrl=f.a o@

fmoeÕs,a,d$ uqyqoq ,s,S

30 .=oh fkd msysgkafka ljrl=f.a o@

Nx.=r ;drldjd

31 fuu i;=kaf.a ,sx.sl;djh l=ula o@

tal ,sx.sl

32 ckaudKq ixfiapkh isoqjk ia:dkh i|yka lrkak

c,fhaoS

33 idok mlaaIu iys; lSghdf.a ku ,shkak

nsmskdrshd $ vsmaf,jsre,d

Coelenterates ans

1 fuu cSjSka fjfik mrsirh l=ula o@

lrosh$ usrsosh

2 isf,kagf¾gd jxYfha i;ajhl+ y|qkd.; yelafla ljr ndysr ,laIK u.ska o@

wrSh iuus;sh $ uqLh jgd .%dysld mej;Su

3 isf,kagf¾gd jxYfha i;ajhl+ f.a yevhka ,shkak' ta i|yd WodyrKhla ne.ska ,shkak'

is,skavrdldr ---yhsv%d $ uqyqoq u,

l+vhl yevh fuvshqid $ f,dvshd

4 .%dysld l+ula i|yd fhdod .kafka o@

f.doqre uqLh ;+,g .ekSug $

5 tys mj;sk jsfYaI ffi, j¾.hl ku ,shkak'

oxYl ffi,

6 wdydr cS¾Kh isoqjk ia:dkh l+ula o@

isf,daudka;%h

7 cS¾Kh wjidkfha b;srsjk M, msg;g ksoyia jkafka ljr ia:dkhlska o@

uqLh

8 fuu jxYfha i;+kaf.a foay ns;a;sfha wvx.+ m%ia;r fudkjd o@

nysIap¾uh $ wka;Yap¾uh

9T;a cSjsldjla .; lrkafka ljqreka o@

Tfns,shd

10fmaYs olakg ,efnkafka ljr cSjSka ;+, o@

uqyqoq u,

11 iakdhq ffi, jsisrS we;af;a flfia o@

uOHYaf,aIh ;=, oe,la f,i

12 ixfjsoS jHqy f,i mj;skafka ljrla o@

;=,dfldaIaG $ wlaIs ,m

13 wxl=rKh u.ska w,sx.sl m%ckkh isoq lrkafka ljqreka o@

yhsv%d

14 fuu i;=kaf.a ,sx.sl;djh l=ula o@

tal ,sx.sl fyda oajs ,sx.sl

15 ckaudKq ixfiapkh isoqjk ia:dkhi|yka lrkak

c,fhaoS

16 idok mlaaIu iys; lSghdf.a ku ,shkak

ma,ekshq,d

17 fldr,a idokakka i;= iels,a, ljr j¾.hg wh;a fjhs o@

nysIa iels,a,g

18yhsfv%dfidjd $ wekaf;dfidjd $ialhsfmdfidjd hk j¾.hkag wh;a cSjSka i|yd WodyrK fokak

yhsfv%dfidjd -- yhsv%d $ Tfns,shd $ uDoq fldr,a

wekaf;dfidjd -- i;H fldr,a $ uqyqoq u,

ialhsfmdfidjd --=f,dvshd $

19 nqyqnd wdldrh muKla olakg ,efnkafka ljr j¾.fhao@

wekaf;dfidjd

20 fuvshqid wdldrh muKla olakg ,efnkafka ljr j¾.fhao@

ialhsfmdfidjd

21 uqLh jgd .%dysld j, lsysmhla mj;sk j¾.h ,shkak

wekaf;dfidjd

22 T;a cSjsldjla .; lrk cSjSka jkafka ljqreka o@

wekaf;dfidjd $ yhsfv%dfidjd

23 ;ks fyda >kdjdi f,i isgskafka ljqreka o@

wekaf;dfidjd $ yhsfv%dfidjd

24 kssoyia cSjsldjla muKla .; lrk j¾.hla jkafka l=ula o@

ialhsfmdfidjd

Protista ans

1 fm%dgsiagd rdcOdkshg wh;a jxY i|yka lr WodyrKhla ne.ska ,shkak'

fuu i;=ka wh;a jk

jxYh

rhsfidfmdavd ------ weusnd

is,sfhdfmdard ------- meruSishus

neisf,arsfhdamsgd ---vhgu

fmfhdmsgd ----- id.eius

frdfvdmSgd ------ fc,svshus

laf,dfrdmSgd ----la,eusfvdfudkdia

2 tal ffi,slhska olakg ,efnk i;aj jxY fudkjd o2

rhsfidfmdavd $ is,sfhdfmdard $ neisf,arsfhdamsgd

3 mshqfldieka;Ska olakg ,efnk i;aj jxY jkafka ljrla o@

neisf,arsfhdamsgd $ fmfhdmsgd

4 Wiia Ydl yrs; ,j j,g iudk j¾Kl orkafka ljr jxYh o@

laf,dfrdmsgd

5 ckaudKq j, fukau j¾Ol ffi, ;+, lYsld mj;skafka ljr jxYh lo@

laf,dfrdmsgd

6 ixprKhg mlaIu orkafka ljr jxYh o@

is,sfhdfmdard

7 ixprKhg jHc mdo orkafka ljr jxYh o@

rhsfidfmdavd

8 ckaudKq j, lYsld fkdue;af;a ljr jxYhl o@

frdfvdmSgd

9 ta.d¾ ksIamdokhg fhdod .kakd Ydl wh;a jkafka ljr jxYhg o@

frdfvdmSgd

10 ffi, ns;a;sfha we,acsksla wus,h mj;skafka ljr jxYfha o@

fmfhdmsgd

11 fuys i|yka ixps; wdydr ljr jxY ;+, mj;shs o@

,euskrhska ---fmfhdmsgd

maf,drsvshka msIaGh---frdfvdmSgd

ueksfgda,a --fmfhdmsgd

msiaGh ---laf,dfrdmsgd

12 ffi, ns;a;sfha is,sld mj;skafka l+ul o@

neisf,arsfhdamsgd 

Classification ans -1

1 wOsrdcOdks kus lrkak

nelagSrshd $wdlshd $bhqlershd

2 m%%dla kHIagslhska we;=,;a lr we;af;a ljr wOsrdcOdks ;=, o@

nelagSrshd $wdlshd

3 ffi, ns;a;s ;=, fmmaghsfvd .a,hsleka wvx.= jkafka ljrl o@

wdlshd $bhqlershd

4 fm%dagSk iys; ffi, ns;a;s wvx.= jkafka ljrl o@

wdlshd

5 Ydlkh jQ yhsfv%d ldnk iys; ,ssmsv wKq mj;skafka ljr wOsrdcOdks ;=, o@

wdlshd

6 m%;sscSjl j,g ixfjsoS;djla olajkafka l=ula o@

a nelagSrshd

7 RNA fmd,suf¾ia tla j¾.hla muKla we;af;a ljrlo@

nelagSrshd

8 fu;fhdkSka j,ska wdrusNjk fm%dagSk olakg ,efnkafka ljrl o@

bhqlershd

9 wdka;sl mrsir ;;aj j, cSj;a jkafka l=ula o@

wdlshd

10 nelagSrshd ljr fmdaIK l%u fmkajhs o@

m%Nd iajhxfmdaIS $ridhks; iajhxfmdaIS $ jsIufmdaIS

11 ihfkd nelagSrshdj, wvx.= j¾Kl ,shkak

laf,dfrdms,a a $ mhsfldihkSka

12 khsg%ckaa ;sr lrkafka ljqreka o@ ta i|yd mj;sk jHqyh ,shkak

ihfkdnelagSrshd $ fygfrdisiag

13 bhq lershd j,g wh;a rdcOdks ,shkak

fm%dgsiagd $ os,Sr $ ma,dkafgs $ weksud,shd

14 fm%dgsiagd rdcOdkshg wh;a ,laIK fudkjd o@

15 jsIufmdaIS f,i yeisfrkafka ljr rdcOdks o@

weksud,shd $ os,Sr

16 ffi, ns;a;sj, fi,shqf,daia orkafka ljr rdcOdksh o@

ma,dkafgs $ fm%dgsiagd

17 ixps; wdydr f,i .a,hsfldcka wka;¾.; jk rdcOdks ,shkak

os,Sr $ weksud,shd

18 fi,shqf,daia ffi, ns;a;s wka;¾.; jkafka l+uk rdcOdksh ;+, o@

fm%dgsiagd $ ma,dkafgs

19 weksud,shd f.a p,k i|yd Ndjs; jk jHqy fudkjd o@

lYsld$ mlaIu $ ixfldapl fl|s;s

20 ckaudKqj,g muKla iSud jQ lYsld mj;skafka l+uk rdcOdksh j, o@

iuyr os,Sr $ ma,dkafgs

Stem Secondary Thickening ans

1 fuys olajd we;af;a l=ul yrialvl wkajslaISh fmkqu o@

oajsnSc m;S% l|l m%d:usl jHqyfha

2 msg;ska wdrlaIdj msKsi mj;sk jHqyh ,shkak

Wpsp¾uh $ wmsp¾uh

3 ta u.ska l=uk wdrlaIdjla i,iajhs o@ ta i|yd mj;sk yev.eisus ,shkak

jsh<Sfuka $c,h jdIamslrKfhka

laIqo% cSjska we;=¿jsfuka

bgs Wpsp¾uh u.ska wdjrKh jS ;snsu

wmsp¾uh c,hg wmdr.uH lshqgska oersu

4 ndyslfha wka;¾.; mglh $ mglhka ,shkak

ia:q,fldaKdia;r mglh $uDoqia;r mglh

5 yrialvla u.ska tajd y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

ffi, fldka >kjSu $nyq wi%dldr jSu $ ffi, ns;a;sh fi,shqf,daia fyda fyus fi,shqf,daia jsu

ffi, jl%dldr jSu $ ;=kS m%d:usl ns;a;sh muKla ;snSu $ ffi, ns;a;sh fi,shqf,daia jsu

6 uDoqia;r mglh wvx.= fjk;a ia:dkhla i|yka lrkak

ucacdj

7 tys lD;Hh ,shkak

wdydr $c,h ixps; lsrsu

8 ndyslh u.ska thg wu;rj isoqlrk ld¾hhka i|yka lrkak ta i|yd mj;sk yev.eiSu ,shkak

wdydr ixiaf,aIKh

yrs;,j mej;su

9 rEm igyfka wxl 1 u.ska fmkajd we;af;a l=ula o@

ikd, l,dmhla

9 th ix,.ak ikd, l,dmhla f,i kus lrkafka wehs@

tlu wrfha ffY,j fmdoshla yd maf,dahu fmdoshla mej;Su ksid

10 oajsix,.ak ikd, l,dmhla f,i tlu wrfha ffi,u fmdos 2la yd jOHfha maf,dahu fmdos hla mej;su

11 ix.; l,dmhl mj;sk ,laIK fuys ;sfns o@ th l=ula o@

ffY,j fmdoshla yd maf,dahu fmdoshla iam¾Y fjuska $ tlg iusnkaOj mej;Su ksid

12 jsjD; l,dm f,I y|qkajkafka fudkjd o@

maf,dahu ffi,u w;r leusnshula mej;Su

13 jsjD; l,dmhla olakg fkdue;s ia:dkhla ,shkak th y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

uq,l ikd, l,dmhl

14 th we;afldka ikd, l,dmhla f,i kus lrkafka wehs@

ikd, l,dmfha m%dla ffY,u we;=,;g fhduqjs ;snsu ksid

15 oekg jsNdcl yelshdj we;af;a ljr ffi, j,g o@

wka;( l,dmSh leusnshu ffi, j,g

16 wkd.;fha oS jsNdcl yelshdj ,efns hehs wfmalaId lrkafka ljr ffi, j, o@

leusnshu iu. iam¾Y fjuska we;s ucacdfjs ffi, j,hlg

17fus ksid we;sjk leusnshu j,h ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

ikd, leusnshu

18 tys ls%hdldrs;ajh ksid we;sjk fjkialus ,shkak

msg;g lmd yrsk ffi, j,ska maf,dahu mglh iEoSu

we;=,;g lmd yrsk iuyr ffi, j,ska ffY,u mglh iEoSu

iEfok wfkl=;a ffi,j,ska ucacd lsrK iEoSu

fus ksid wrsh w;g we;sjk msvkh fya;=fjka ndyslh iy wmsp¾uh msmsrs hdu

19 fus ksid we;sjk jsh<Sfuka $c,h jdIamslrKfhka wdrlaIdj iemhsu Ndr .kafka l=uk mglh o@

j,alh

20 th ks¾udKh lrkq ,nkafka l=ulskao@ th yg.kafka l=ulskao@

j,al leusnshfuka

ndysl ffi, j,hlska

21 wmsp¾ufha mqgsld mj;ki a:dkj, we;sjk jsfYaI;ajh ,shkak tys jeo.;alu ,shkak

tu ia:dkj, uDoqia;r ffi, f,i wkqmqrl ffi, ieosu

jdhq yqjudrej i|yd wjldY ie,fihs

22 tu jsNdclfhka idok fjk;a mglhla ,shkak tys msysgsu l=ula o@

j,al p¾uh $ oajs;shl ndyslh

j,al leusnshug we;=,;ska

23 mrsp¾uh f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

j,al p¾uh + oajs;shl ndyslh

24 fmd;a; f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

ikd, leusnshug msg;ska msysgk mgl

25 wrgqj iEoSfusoS we;sjk fjkialus ,shkak

ffY,uh ;=, gekska friska jeks o%jH ;ekam;a jSu ksid j¾Kj;a jSu

ucacdfjs ffi, ns|S hdu

24 jd¾Isl j,hla f,i kus lrkafka l=ula o@

wrgqfjs mj;sk jhsrus rgdjl iuSmfha mj;sk ,d meye;s m<,a j,hla yd ;o meye;s mgq j,hla tlaj .;a l< jd¾Isl j,hla kus fjhs

25 tjeks j¾K fjkila jHqySh jYfhka l=ula fya;= o@

;o meye;s mgq m%foaYh ----- wvq leusnshu ls5hdldrs;ajfhka jsIalusNh wvq l=vd ffi, we;s jSu

,d meye;s m<,a m%foaYh ----jevs leusnshu ls5hdldrs;ajfhka jsIalusNh jevs ffi, iuQyhla we;s jSu

26 tjeks j¾K fjkilg fya;= jk ndysr n,mEu l=ula o@ th ljr mglhl ls%hdldrs;ajh flfia fjkia lrhs o@

Ydl j, m%Yia; j¾Okh i|yd wjYH mdxY= c,h m%udKh fjkiajsu ksid we;s fjhs

j¾Ihla ;=, meyeos,s kshx ld,hla fyda Ys; ld,hla yd j¾Id ld,hla iys; foaY.=ksl rgdjla mej;Su ksid

;o meye;s mgq m%foaYh leusnshu ls%hdldrs;ajh wvq jSu ksid lmd yrsk ffi, ixLHdj wvq jSu

iEfok ffi, .Kk wvq jSu

Ydl j, m%Yia; j¾Okh i|yd wjYH mdxY= c,h ,efnk ld,fha oS

,d meye;s m<,a m%foaYh leusnshu ls%hdldrs;ajh jevs jSu ksid lmd yrsk ffi, ixLHdj jevs jSu

iEfok ffi, .Kk jevs jSu

Water Movement -2

1  Ydl ffi,hl ffi, ma,diaufha wka;¾.;h ,shkak

  l,s, fm%dagSk

2 Ydl ffi,hl c,fha o%djH M, we;af;a fld;ek o@jevs wjldYhla mqrd me;srS we;af;a ljr bkaos%ldjla o@

  

rsla;lh ;=,

  rsla;lh

3 wkajSlaIfhka  iEu Ydl ffi,hl rsla;lh ksrslaIKh l< yelso@ tjekas ffi,hl rsla;lfha wka;¾.; jsh hq;af;a fudkjdo@

    wekaf;dihkska$c,h$ ,jK$

4ffi,hl m%d:usl  ns;a;sh ljr .=Kdx. fmkajhs o@

mdr.uH nj

m%;Hia: nj

5 ffi,h ;=, c, jsyjh wvq jSug fya;=jk isoaOska fudkjd o@

      hqI rsla;lfha jsjsO ,jK o%djH jS ;snSu

6 wdi%e; c,hg fujeks ffi,hla  fhoQ jsg c, jsNj fjkig wkqj  idfmalaIj c, wKq p,kh jsu l=uk osYdjlg isoq jsh yels o@

7 jevs c, jsNjhl isg wvq c, jsNjhla olajd

wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla yryd isoqlrk fuu ls%hdj,sh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

wdi%e;sh

 8 ffi,hl we;s tjeks wdka;r mdr.uH mg, fudkjd o@ tys ,laIK ,shkak

ma,diau mg,h

rsla;l mg,h

c, wKq j,g muKla .uka lsrsug $ jsirKhg wjldY i,ik mg,hls’

7 lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s c,hg  fujeks ffi,hla oeuQ jsg wdi%e;sh ksid c,h we;=¿ ljr osYdjlg o@

msg; isg ffi,h ;=,g

ffi,h ;=, isg msg;g

8 tjeks mrsirhl jefvk Ydl j,g c,h we;=¿ jkafka l=ula yryd o@

uQ, flaY ffi,

9 wjfYdaIKh lrk c, m%udKh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u; o@

uQ, flaY ffi, ;=,  c, jsNjh yd mdxY= c,fha c, jsNjh  w;r mj;sk c, jsNj fjki u;

uQ, flaY ffi, ;=,  c, jsNjh yd mdxY= c,fha c, jsNjh  w;r mj;sk c, jsNj fjki jevsjk jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

we;=¿ lr .; yels c, m%udKh jevs fjhs’

lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s Ydl fus i|yd ljr wkqj¾;k fmkajhs o@

hqI rsla;lfha jevs ,jK m%udKhla we;=,;a lr .ekSfuka fN!usl Ydl j,g jvd uQ, flaY ffi,j, c, jsNjh wvq lr f.k we;

c, jsNj fjki jevs lr f.k we;

7 rsla;lh ;=,g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha uq,skau we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

rsla;lh jsYd, jSu

ffi,fha mrsudj jevs jSu

hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjh wvq jsu

 8 hqI rsla;lfha o%djH jsNjhg l=ula  isoq fjhs o@

wvq fjhs

9 ffi,fha mrsudj jevsjk jsg ffi, ns;a;sh u; iam¾Y jkafka l=ula o@

ma,diau mg,h

10 tysoS ffi, ns;a;sh u; ma,diau mg,fhka we;slrk msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

Y+k;d mSvkh $TP

11 tjsg ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk m%;Hia:  n,mEu l=ula o@ tu msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

 m%dla ma,diagh fj;g iudk m%;sjsreoaO n,hla ,nd oSu

ns;= mSvkh $ WP

12 ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk msvkh  ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

jevs fjhs

13 msvkh fya;=fldg f.k c, jsNjfha we;sjk fjkia jSu y|qkajk ku ,shkak

msvk jsNjh $  ψ_P   

14 fus wkqj ffi,hla ;=,g c,h we;=¿jSfus yelshdj ψ_cell  w.h ljr jsNj w.hhka u; r|d mj;S o@

           ψ_cell    ═  ψ_P  + ψ_s

15 hus wjia:djloS ffi,h ;=,g c,h we;=¿jsu wekysgshs tu wjia:dfjs mj;sk ffi,h y|qkajk ku ,shkak tysoS   ,efnk w.h lSho@

        Y+k ffi,h

           ψ_cell    ═  0

16 ψ_P  yd ψ_s w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

   ψ_P ═  ψ_s

17 c, jsNjh jevs o%djKhlg Y+k ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, .uk ljr osYdjlg isoq fjhs o@ tu ld¾hdj,sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

hqI rsla;lfha isg msg; o%djKh ;=,g

ndysrdi%e;sh

18 rsla;lfhka bj;g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

rsla;lfha mrsudj  wvq jSu

ffi,fha mrsudj wvq jSu

hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjh jevs jsu

ma,diau mg,h ffi, ns;a;sfhka wE;a jSu  ψ_P w.h 0 jSu

19 ffi, ns;a;sfhka  ma,diau mg,h wE;ajSu wdrusN lrk wjia:dj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdrusNl jsY=k;dj

20 tu wjia:dfjs   w.h 0 jkafka l=ul o@  

     ψ_P 

21 tysoS  ffi,fha c, jsNjh iudk jkafka l=ulg o@

           ψ_cell    ═  ψ_s

o%djKhl fu!,sl;dj okakd jsg j.=jla u.ska tys c, jsNjh fidhd .; yelsh’

22 hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjhg iudk c, jsNjhla iys; o%djKhlg ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, mrsudj fjkia fjhs o

ke;

23 tjeks o%djK y|qkajk ku ,shkak

iudNsidrl o%djK

24 fuu w.hg jvd iq¿ fyda idkao%K jevs lsrSula o%djKfha we;s l< jsg l=ula  isoqfjhs o@

wdrusNl jsY=k;dj wjia:dj we;s jSu

25 iuyr ffi,j, fuu wjia:dj m%dfhda.slj ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh ta l=ula ksid o@  WodyrK fokak

ffi,hl rsla;lfha  wekaf;dihkSka wka;¾.; jsu

frdaysfhda  $¿EKq wmsprauh

26 fujeks mglhla iSks o%djKhlg oud wkajSlaIhlska mrSlaId l< fyd;a l=ula ksrslaIKh lsrSug yels fjhs o@

iuyr ffi, Y+k  f,i mej;Su  yd iuyr ffi, jsY+kj mej;Su

27 thg fya;=j ,shkak

 tys we;s ffi, j, c, jsNj w.hhka   jsjsO jSu ksid

28 frdaysfhda  wmsp¾u ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSfus oS u;=jk m%dfhda.sl  .eg¿j l=ula o@

tla ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSug wiSre fjhs tu ksid mglfha udOHkH c,jsNjh fijsu isoq lrhs

29 mglfha udOHkH c,jsNj w.h f,i ,nd .kafka l=ula o@

50% la Y+k ffi, yd 50% la jsY+k ffi,   ,nd fok o%djKh fidhd .ekSu

  jsY=k;d m%;sY; w.h 50la jk mglh  wh;a o%djKfha fu!,sl;djh fidhd  j.=jla wOdrfhka  tu o%djKfha c, jsNjh fidhd  .eksu

30 jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s iqlafrdaia o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

frdaysfhda  wmsp¾u isjs .,jd tu o%djK j,g oud jskdvs 20 ld,hla iu;=,s; jSug ;enSu

31 jskdvs 20 ld,hla iu;=,s; jSug ;enSfuka miq l=ula l< hq;= o@

lodjla u;g  isjsh f.k wkajslaI o¾Yk m:hg wh;a ffi, .Kk .Kkh lsrsu

tys we;s jsY+k ffi, .Kk .Kkh lsrSu

32 jsY+k;d m%;sY;h fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej  50% la jsY+k ;d m%;sY;h fidhd .kafka flfia o@

o%djKfha fu!,sl;djg tfrysj 50% la jsY+k;d m%;sY;h  m%ia;dr .; lsrSfuka  

33 .y, Colocasia fyda ynr,  Alocasia jDka;hla isria w;g  jsIalusNh $iuus;sl wlaIh Tiafia m,d ,efnk 4cm fldgila jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ;nkak

ljr fjkia jsula Tng ksrslaIKh l< yels o@

jl%;djla we;s fjhs’

34 W;a;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@ wj;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@

ndyslh

wmsp¾uh

35 jl%;djhg fya;=j ,shkak

wmsp¾u ffi,j, g idfmalaIj ndysl ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu $os. jevsjSu

36 ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu g ljr isoqjSula fya;= fjhs o@

hdno ffi,j,ska c,h we;=¿ jsu

37 fuu c, .ukh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdi%e;sh

38 l=uk m%foaYfha ffi,j, c,jsNjh wvq fjhs o@ thg fya;=j ,shkak

ndyslfha W;a;, mDIaGfha ffi,j,

wmsp¾u ffi,j, g idfmalaIj ndysl ffi,j, c,h jdIamjSfus is>%;dj jevs ksid

39 c,h jdIamjSfus is>%;dj jevs ksid c,h jdIamjSfus is>%;dj wvq wehs@

tu ffi, j,g msg;ska bgs Wpsp¾uhla mej;Su

wmsp¾u ffi,j, ns;a;s j, lshqgska wka;¾.; jsu

40 fujeks  ynr, ms;s fldgil jl%;dj fjkia fjhs o hkak fidhd .eksug m%:ufhka l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

lvodishla u; tys yevh igyka lsrsu

41 fojkqj fidhd .; hq;af;a l=ula o@

kQ,la fhdod .ksuska W;a;, mDIaGfha os. fidhd .ekSu

42 jl% mDIaGfha uOH ,laIh fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej Tn l+ula l< hq;+ fjhs o@

tu ,laIfha isg wmsp¾ufha fl<jr olajd f¾Ldjla we|Su yd tu f¾Ld w;r fldaKh ueksu

fuf,i ilid .;a ynr, ms;s fldgia lsysmhla Ndjs; lr tjeks mglhl c, jsNjh fidhd .; yels fjhs’

43 lsishus o%djKhl c, jsNjh   ffi,fha c,jsNjhg iudk fjhs kus Tn l=ula wfmalaId lrkafka o@

jl%;djfha fjkila we;s fkdfjs

44 fujeks mrslaIKhloS o%djKh f,i l=ula Ndjs; l< yels o@

iqlafrdaia

45 jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq lrkafka ljrla o@

yevh igyka lr .;a ynr, ms;s f,an,a lr .;a iqlafrdaia o%djK j,g fhosu yd usks;a;= 30la iu;=,s; jsug ;ensu

46 mdGdxl f,i l=ula ,nd .; hq;= o@

usks;a;= 30la iu;=,s; jQ miq f;; ud;a;= lr lvodishla u; ;nd  tys yevh igyka lsrsu

jl%;djh $ fldaKh ueksu

47 ks.uk ,nd .eksug kus l=ula l< hq;= o@

o%djKfha fu!,sl;dj;a jl%;djfha fjki $fldaK fjki;a w;r m%ia;drhla we|Su

,efnk f¾Ldj X wlaIh fPokh lrk ia:dkfha o%djKhg wh;a fu!,sl;dj fijsu yd j.=jla u.ska c, jsNjh fijSu

48 mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd jevs c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

jl%;dj jevs jsu $fldaKh jevsjsu

49 mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd wvq c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@ ta wehs@

ndyslh foig wj;, jl%;dj we;sjsu $fldaKh jevsjsu

 wmsp¾u ffi,j, g idfmalaIj ndysl ffi,j, c,h bj;a jsfus is>%;dj jevs ksid tys mrsudj wvq fjhs

50 c,h bj;a jsu isoqjkafka  s jkafka wehs@

iqlafrdaia o%djKfha c, jsNjhg jvd mglfha c, jsNjh wvq jSu

lergs  j, wdydr ixps; lrk ,o uqoqka uqf,a mgl fyda w¾;dm,a 

51 wdlkao mgl  j, c, jsNjh fijsug fuu l%uh fhdod .kshs tfy;a ta i|yd fhdod .kakd w¾;dm,a is,skavr $ ;Sre j, ljr fjkia jsula ta i|yd Ndjs; l< yels o@

osf.ys fjkia jsu $ialkaOfha fjkia jsu

52 tu ;sre j, os. jevs jkafka wehs@

mglh ;=,g c,h we;=¿jsu ksid isoqjk ffi,fha mrsudj jevs jSu

53 ffi, ;=,  mj;sk c, jsNj w.h l=ula jsh hq;= o@

 msg; o%djKhg jvd tu w.h wvq jsh hq;= h

54 mglfha c, jsNjhg iudk  c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g w¾;dm,a is,skavr fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

ialkaOh fydA osf.ys fjkila isoq fkdfjhs