Meiosis ans

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, biounquest.blogspot.com  m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

iuyr jsIhh tall fldgia  ms<sn| oekqu icSjSlrK iu. animescience.webatu.com fj;ska ,nd  .ekSug W;aidy lrkak 

Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu wjYH m%Yak m;%h i|yd fj; biounquest.blogspot.com  msjsfikak'                                                                            fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoSS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu  Wiia fm< jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

Wqkk jsNdckh

1 m%ckkfhaoS isoqjkafka l=ula o@

hus cSjshl= ;udg fndfyda oqrg iudk fyda i¾jiu  kj cSjska ksmojsu

2 hus cSjshl=f.a wdrusNh ;ks ffi,hlsks hkak ikd: lsrSu i|yd idlaIs fokak

nScdKqjla m%frdayKh jsfuka os,sr cd,hla we;sjSu

hqla;dKqjlska l,,hla jslikh jsu

3 cSjSkaf.a m%fjsKsl ,laIK .nvd lrk m%fjsKsl o%jH fudkjd o@

DNA  

jhsri j,  RNA

4 iqkHIagsl cSjshl=f.a m%fjsKsl o%jH mj;sk ia:dk fudkjd o@

 kHIagsh

yrs;,j

uhsgfldkavs%hd

5 ,laIK .nvd lsrsu yereKq jsg DNA u.ska bgq lrk ld¾hhka ,shkak

j¾Okh yd ffi, jsNdck is>%;dj md,kh

ffi, ls%hdldrs;ajh md,kh

6 ffi, jsNdckfhaos kHIagsfha odhl;ajh l=ula o@

kj kHIags ksmojSu i|yd  DNA ixiaf,aIKh

7 fm%dagSk ixiaf,aIKfha oS kHIagsfha odhl;ajh l=ula o@

rhsnfidau ksmojsu yd fm%dagsk ixiaf,aIKhg wjYH RNA  ksmojsu

8 m%ckkfhaoS wdfjsKsfha rgd md,kh kHIagsh u.ska isoq lrhs wdfjsKsh isoq lrkafka ljrlska o@

DNA

9 ta i|yd wjYH msgm; iEoSu isoqjkafka l=uk wjia:dfjsoSo@

DNA m%;sj,s; jsfus oS

10    jraKfoayhla hkq os.  DNA  wKqjls tys cdkfha m:h f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula  o@

j¾aKfoayhl lsishus cdkhla msysgs ia:dkhhs

11 ksYaps; wkqms<sfj,lg ne\QKq cdk jsYd, ixLHdjla j¾Kfoayhl we; iudk m: j, tlu cdkh ksfhdackh jkafka ljr jraKfoay j, o@

iucd;Sh jraKfoay

12 tu cdk hq.,fhka  tlla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

we,s,hla

13  ;ks ffi,hlska csjshl=f.a wdrusN fjhs th ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@ tys isoqjk jsNdckh l=ula o@

hqla;dKqj

 oajs.=K csjshl=f.a ---wkqkk jsNdckh

 tal .=K csjshl=f.a ---Wkk jsNdckh

14 wkqkk jsNdckh fidhd .;af;a ljq o@

 1879 oS Boweri  yd William

15  hqla;dKqj  iEfokafka flfia o@

tal .=K  mqx ckaudKq ffi,h la $Y=l%dKqjla   yd cdhd ckaudKq ffi,hla $ wKav ffi,hla ixfiapkh jsfuka

16  usksia hqla;dKfqjs iucd;Sh jraKfoay hq., lShla mj;shs o@ tlsfklg fjkia  lgsg,$ f.dafkdau lShla fuysos iEosh yels o@

23

folls

17 nyq.=K cSjskaf.a jsfYaI;ajh l=ula o@

f.dafkdau 2 lg jvd jevs .Kkla mej;Su

18  f.dafkdau 1 la iys; ffi, y|qkajk ku ,shkak

tal.=K ffi,

19  tjeks ffi, i|yd WodyrK fokak

os,sr

we,a.S

mdis Ydl

ckaudKq ffi,

nScdKq

20 ,sx.sl m%ckkfha oS ckaudKq ixfiapkfhka iEfok hqla;dKqfjs   j¾Kfoay .Kk  ^46&ksh;j ;nd .eksug kus ckaudKqjla  ;=,  j¾Kfoay lshla mej;sh hq;=o@

23

21  tfia kus j¾Kfoay .Kk wvla jsug kus ckaudKq idok ffi,hl ljr jsNdckhla isoqjsh hq;=o@

Wqkk jsNdckh

22 Wqkk jsNdckh fidhd .;af;a ljq o@

 1887 Weismann

23  usksia hqla;dKfqjs  we;s iucd;Sh jraKfoay hq.,fhka tlla ,efnkafka ljrlska o@

mqx ckaudKq ffi,h $Y=l%dKqj fyda cdhd ckaudKq j$ wKav ffi,fhka

24  ljr mgl ;=, fuu ls%hdj,sh isoqfjhs o@

jDIK

vsusn fldaIh

nScdKq ud;D ffi,

ixfhda.dKqj

25  Wkk jsNdckfha m%;sM,h l=ula o@

tla  oajs.=K ffi,hlska kj  tal.=K ffi,$ oqys;D ffi, 4la ,enSu

26 tysos kHIags jsNdckh ls jdrhla isoqfjhs o@

fojrla

27 j¾Kfoay ixLHj yrs wvla jkafka ljr jsNdckfhaoSo@

m<uq jsNdckh wjidkfha

28  kj ffi, ks¾udKhg wjYH o%jH ljr wjia:djl os iEfohs o@

wka;¾ l,dfjsoS

29  ffi, pl%h hkq l=ula o@ fuu ld,h ;=, isoqjkafka l=ula o@

tla ffi, jsNdckhl  wjidkfha isg B,Õ jsNdckh wjidkh  w;r ffi,h ;=, isoqjk isoqjsus ish,af,a tl;=jhs

j¾Kfoay oajslrKh  jSu yd fnodyersu

30  Wqkk jsNdckh wjOs lShla mj;shso@ ta fudkjd o@

8 

Wkkh 1 jsydckh

m%dla l,dj

fhda. l,dj

jsfhda. l,dj

wka; l,dj

Wkkh 11 jsydckh

m%dla l,dj

fhda. l,dj

jsfhda. l,dj

wka; l,dj

32 Wkkh 1 jsydckh wjidkfha ffi, lShla iEfohs o@

folls

33 oS¾> ld,hla ;=,  isoq jkafka l=uk wjOsh o@

Wkkh 1 jsydckh m%dla l,dj

34  wkQkkh g iudk f,i yeisfrkafka  ljr wjia:dj o@

Wkkh 11 jsydckh

Wkkh 1 jsydckh m%dla l,dj ;=, tlsfklg fjkia wjia:d rdYshla yuqjk w;r oS we;s tu wjia:d wkqms<sfj,ska ilikak

tla tla wjia:djg iqoqiq kula fokak

iucd;sh j¾Kfoay tlsfklg iuSmjSu yd iudka;rj msysgsu  -oajs ixhqc iEosu 5

j¾Kfoay flgsjSu yd >k jSu  --->kmg wjOsh 6

kQ,a jeks j¾Kfoay fmfkkakg mgka .ekSu ---;kqmg wjOsh 4

kHIagsldj fkdfmkS hdu  --  ;kqmg wjOsh 3

flakao%foay  folg fnosu tla O%ejhlg tla flakao%foayhla .uka lsrSu  ---;kqmg wjOsh 2

fl%dugska lKsld iys; jsYd, f.da,dldr  kHIagsh--- wka;¾ l,dj 1

kHIags mg,h oshjSu;a  iu. j¾Kfoay ffi, maa,diauhg tl;= jSu  -- Wfm%arKh 10

ffi,fha iul ;,h fomi iucd;  j¾Kfoay  hq., ieliSu  --  m<uq  jsNdckfha fhda. l,dj 13

uxi, iEoqKq ia:dk j¾KfoaydxY fldgi fjkajSu yd fjkajQ j¾KfoaydxY fldgi yqjudre jS iusnkaO jSu -- >kmg wjOsh 9

fikag%ushrh olajd j¾Kfoay me,su ---hq.mg wjOsh 7

tla j¾KfoaydxY hla iucd; wfkla j¾Kfoayfha  j¾KfoaydxYhla iu. yria jegsu ---hq.mg wjOsh$ >kmg wjOsh 8

 ;¾l=j yels,Su yd j¾KfoaydxY njg m;ajQ  j¾Kfoay  ffi,fha O%ej lrd .uka lsrsu   ---- m<uq  jsNdckfha jsfhda. l,dj  wdrusNh  14

oqys;D ffi, hq.,hla ms<sfh, jSu---- m<uq  jsNdckfha ffi, maa,diauSh jsNdckh wjidkh 16

uxi, j¾Kfoaydka; foig .uka  lsrsu ---p;=iamg wjOsh 10

j¾KfoaydxY njg m;ajQ  j¾Kfoay  ffi,fha iul ;,h lrd .uka lsrsu   ---- m<uq  jsNdckfha fhda. l,dj  wdrusNh  11

tla ;¾l= ;ka;=jlg iucd;  hq.,h fikag%ushrh fomi we;s lhskgfldar u.ska ijsjSu -- m<uq  jsNdckfha fhda. l,dj  12

ffi,fha tla tla O%ejfha j¾KfoaydxY njg m;ajQ  j¾Kfoay f.dkqjla ne.ska ms<sfh, jsu-- Wkkh 1 jsydckh jsfhda. l,dj wjidkh 15

35  Wkkh 11 jsydckh wjOs 4 ,shkak

Wkkh 11 jsydckh m%dla l,dj

Wkkh 11 jsydckh fhda. l,dj

Wkkh 11 jsydckh jsfhda. l,dj

 Wkkh 11 jsydckh wka; l,dj

36 oS we;s ,laIKhg .e,fmk ffi,h rEm igyfkka f;darkak

fl%dugska lKsld iys; jsYd, f.da,dldr  kHIagsh --- Wkkh 11 jsydckh wka;¾ l,dj $ Wkkh 1 jsydckh wka;¾ l,dj

kQ,a jeks j¾K foaydxY njg m;ajQ j¾K foay iys; kHIags mej;su  --- Wkkh 11 jsydckh m%dla l,dj

jraKfoay iys; kHIags 4 la mej;Su --- Wkkh 11 jsydckh wka; l,dj

 kHIags mg,h oshjSu;a  iu. j¾K foaydxY njg m;ajQ j¾Kfoay ffi, maa,diauhg tl;= jSu  -- Wkkh 11 jsydckh m%dla l,dj  wjidkh

ffi,fha iul ;,h Tiafia j¾Kfoay  ieliSu  -- Wkkh 11 jsydckh fhda. l,dj

j¾Kfoay  ffi,fha O%ej lrd .uka lsrsu   ---- Wkkh 11 jsydckh jsfhda. l,dj

oqys;D ffi, hq.,hla ms<sfh, jSu---- Wkkh 1 jsydckh ffi, ma,diauSh jsNdckh

ffi,fha iul ;,h Tiafia  tla ;¾l= ;ka;=jlg tl ne.ska j¾Kfoay  ieliSu  --  fojk  jsNdckfha fhda. l,dj

fikag% ushrh me,su  tla j¾KfoaydxYhla tla O%ejhlg;a wfkla  j¾KfoaydxYh

m%;sjsreoaO O%ejhg;a  .uka lsrsu --- Wkkh 11 jsydckh jsfhda. l,dj wdrusNh

ffi,fha tla tla O%ejfha j¾Kfoay f.dkqjla ne.ska ms<sfh, jsu-- Wkkh 11 jsydckh wka; l,dj wdrusNh

ffi,fha tla tla O%ejfha ud;D  ixLHfjka wvla jk kHIagshla yd kHIagsldjla  ks¾udKh jsu  --- Wkkh 11 jsydckh wka; l,dj wjidkh

.=Kd;aulj tlsfklg fjkia tal .=K ffi, 4la ms<sfh, jsu --- Wkkh 11 jsydckh ffi, ma,diauSh jsNdckh

;¾l=j fkdfmkS hdu  --- jsfhda. l,dj

37  ffi, ma,diau jsNdckfha oS fNaaok we,shla iEfoka fka ljr  ffi,hl o@

i;aj ffi,h

38 wfkla ffi,j, ta fjkqjg isoqjkafka l=ula o@

ffi, ;,hla we;sjsu

39 iEfok ffi, i¾j iu fkdjkafka ljr ,laIK u.ska o@

j¾K foay ixLHdj  wvla jsu u.ska $ m%udKd;aul f,i

 wj;rKfha oS  iucd; j¾Kfoayj, j¾KfoaydxY fldgia  yqjudre jsu ksid .=Kd;aul f,i  j¾Kfoay fjkia jsu

40 Wkkh wkqkk fhka fjkia jk wjia:d  f;dard ,shkak

iucd;sh j¾Kfoay tlsfklg iuSmjSu yd iudka;rj msysgsu  -oajs ixhqc iEosu 5 wkqkh  jsydckh m%dla l,dj ;=, fujekakla isoq fkdfjs

Wkkh 1 jsydckh tla j¾KfoaydxY hla iucd; wfkla j¾Kfoayfha  j¾KfoaydxYhla iu. yria jegsu$wj;rKh ---hq.mg wjOsh$ >kmg wjOsh 8 wkqkh  jsydckh m%dla l,dj ;=, fujekakla isoq fkdfjs

Wkkh 1 jsydckh - >kmg wjOsfha  uxi, iEoqKq ia:dk j¾KfoaydxY fldgi fjkajSu yd fjkajQ j¾KfoaydxY fldgi yqjudre jS iusnkaO jSu ksid j¾Kfoayhl we;s j¾KfoaydxY fol wiudk fjs - wkqkh  jsydckh m%dla l,dj ;=, fujekakla isoq fkdfjs  j¾Kfoayhl we;s j¾KfoaydxY fol iudk fjs

Wkkh 1 jsydckh ---- m<uq  jsNdckfha jsfhda. l,dj  wdrusNfha  ;¾l=j yels,Su yd j¾KfoaydxY njg m;ajQ  j¾Kfoay  ffi,fha O%ej lrd .uka lsrsu   wkqkh  jsydckh ;¾l=j yels,Su iu. fikag%ushrh me,S j¾KfoaydxY njg m;ajQ  j¾Kfoay  ffi,fha tla tla O%ejh lrd .uka lsrsu  

Wkkh 1 jsydckh jsjsO j¾Kfoay rgd m%dla l,dj ;=, we;s jsu  Wod l;sr yev $uqoq yev

wkqkh  jsydckh m%dla l,dj ;=, fujekakla isoq fkdfjs

Wkkh 1 jsydckh m%dla l,dj wdrusNfha  kHIagsldj fkdfmkss hdu  wkqkh  jsydckh m%dla l,dj wjidkfha  kHIagsldj fkdfmkss hdu

Wkkh 1 jsydckh tla ;¾l= ;ka;=jlg iucd;  hq.,hu fikag%ushrh fomi we;s lhskgfldar u.ska ijsjSu  wkqkfha oS tla ;¾l= ;ka;=jlg tl j¾Kfoay hla muKla  fikag%ushrh fomi we;s lhskgfldar u.ska ijsjSu

Wkkh i|yd .;jk ld,h jevsh $ Wkkh 1 jsydckh m%dla l,dj oS¾> h wkqkh i|yd .;jk ld,h flgsh

Wkkh 1 jsydckh fikag% ushrh me,su  ioq fkdfjhsa j¾KfoaydxY  njg m;a jQ j¾Kfoayh  tla O%ejhlg;a  iucd; wfkla  j¾KfoaydxY  njg m;a jQ j¾Kfoayhm%;sjsreoaO O%ejhg;a  .uka lsrsu

wk%kkfha oS fikag% ushrh me,su  tla j¾KfoaydxYhla tla O%ejhlg;a wfkla  j¾KfoaydxYh

m%;sjsreoaO O%ejhg;a  .uka lsrsu --- Wkkh 11 jsydckh jsfhda. l,dj wdrusNh

Wkkh wjidkfha .=Kd;aulj tlsfklg fjkia tal .=K ffi, 4la ms<sfh, jsu wkqkh wjidkfha .=Kd;aulj tlsfklg iudk tal .=K ffi, 2la ms<sfh, jsu

Wkkh wjidkfha  ud;D ffi,fha j¾Kfoay ixLHdjg  m%ud=Kd;aulj wiudk  ffi, 4la ms<sfh, jsu wkqkh wjidkfha j¾Kfoay ixLHdjg  m%ud=Kd;aulj iudk  ffi, 2la ms<sfh, jsu

TskEu ffi,hl wkqkh isoqfjhs Wkkh oajs.=K ffi, j, muKla isoqfjhs

Mitosis ans

wkqkk jsNdckh

1 kHIagshl wka;¾.; fldgia fudkjdo@

kHIagsldj $ j¾Kfoay$ fl%dugska lKsld $ kHIagsl Pso% $ $ kHIags mg,h

2 tys m%fjsKsl o%jH ljrla  ;=, wka;¾.; fjhs o@

fl%dugska lKsld fyda j¾Kfoay ;=,

3 kHIagsh ;=,g o%jH mrsjykh lrkq ,nkafka l=ula yryd o@

wka;( ma,diaush cd,sld yryd fyda kHIagsl isoqre Tiafia

4  ffi, j¾Okh  yd ffi, jsNdckfha iS>%;dj md,kh  lsrsu kHIagshl tla ld¾hhla jk w;r ixiaf,aIKh i|yd th odhl jk wjia:djka i|yka lrkak

fm%dagsk ixiaf,aIKhg wjYH  RNA ksmojSu yd rhsnfidau Wm tall ksmojSu

 ffi, jsNdckfha oS kHIags ksmojsug wjYH  DNA ksmojSu

5 ffi, jsNdckfha m%;sM,h l=ula o@

tla ffi,hlska kj ffi,$ oqys;D ffi, 2la ,enSu

6 kj ffi, ks¾udKhg wjYH o%jH ljr wjia:djl os iEfohs o@

wka;¾ l,dfjsoS

7 ffi, pl%h hkq l=ula o@ fuu ld,h ;=, isoqjkafka l=ula o@

tla ffi, jsNdckhl  wjidkfha isg B,Õ jsNdckh wjidkh  w;r ffi,h ;=, isoqjk isoqjsus ish,af,a tl;=jhs

j¾Kfoay oajslrKh  jSu yd fnodyersu

8 wjOs lShla mj;shso@ ta fudkjd o@

5  

G1 

S 

G2

  M

 C

9 my; isoqjSus j,g .e,fmk wjOsh f;darkak

kj fm%dagSk yd ffi, fldgia ksmojSu   --- G₁ 

DNA wKq ixiaf,aIKh  ---- S  

ffi, ma,diau  jsNdckh yd ffi, ;,h we;sjSu---C

kj fm%dagSk yd ixiaf,aIKh uhsgfldkavs%hd yd wfkl=;a bkaos%ld m%;sj,s; jsu ----G₂

10 wkQkkh f,i y|qkajkafka ljr wjia:dj o@

M

11 tysoS isoqjkafka l=ula o@

oajslrKh jQ j¾Kfoay kj ffi, follg iudkj fnos hdu

12 jsNdckh wdrusN lrk ffi,hla Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

jsYd, kHIags oersu u.ska

13 i;aj ffi,hla msNdckh wdrusN lrk nj flfia y|qkd.; yelafla flfia o@

flakao% foay folg fnosu yd tla tla flakao% foay ffi,fha O%ej fj;g .uka lsrsu

flakao% foay jgd laIqo% kd,sld tla jsfuka ;=rej ks¾udKh jsu

14 wkQkkfha  wjOs 4 ,shkak

m%dla l,dj

fhda. l,dj

jsfhda. l,dj

wka; l,dj

15 oS we;s ,laIKhg .e,fmk ffi,h rEm igyfkka f;darkak

fl%dugska lKsld iys; jsYd, f.da,dldr  kHIagsh --- D

kQ,a jeks jraKfoay iys; kHIagsh la mej;Su --- E

 kHIags mg,h oshjSu;a  iu. j¾Kfoay ffi, maa,diauhg tl;= jSu  -- C

ffi,fha iul ;,h Tiafia j¾Kfoay  ieliSu  --A 

 j¾Kfoay  ffi,fha O%ej lrd .uka lsrsu   ---- B 

oqys;D ffi, hq.,hla ms<sfh, jSu---- D

16 wkQkk jsNdckfha tu wjOs j,g wkqms<sfj,ska f.dkq lrkak

my;ska i|yka jkafka wkqkk jsNdckfha jsjsO wjia:djka  lsysmhls

1  j¾K foay fikag%ushrh olajd folg me,Su  --- m%dla l,dj

2   j¾K foay flgsjSu yd >k jSu --- m%dla l,dj

3 flakaos%ldj folg fnoSu   ---- m%dla l,dj

4 fikag%ushrh folg fnosu --- jsfhda. l,dj

5 j¾K foay fkdfmkS hdu--- wka;¾ l,dj

6 kHIags mg,h yd kHIagsldj fkdfmkShdu $w;=reoyka jsu --- m%dla l,dj

7 fikag%ushrh fomi we;s lhskgflda¾ j,g ;¾l= ;ka;= ne|Su  --- fhda. l,dj

8 flakao% foay u.ska ;¾l=j ks¾udKh lsrsu --- fhda. l,dj

9 j¾K foay ffi, iulfha fm< .eiSu  --- fhda. l,dj

10 j¾K foaydxY fjkajS j¾K foay njg m;ajS m%;sjsreoaO O%ej lrd weoS hdu  --- jsfhda. l,dj

11 kHIagshla yd kHIagsldjla  ks¾udKh jsu  --- wka; l,dj

12 ;¾l=j fkdfmkS hdu  --- wka; l,dj

13 j¾K foay iul ;,h fj; .uka lsrsu ---- fhda. l,dj

14 tla ;¾l= ;ka;=jlg tla  j¾K foay ne.ska ijsjSu ---- fhda. l,dj

17 ffi, ma,diau jsNdckfha oS fNaaok we,shla iEfoka fka ljr  ffi,hl o@

i;aj ffi,h

18 wfkla ffi,j, ta fjkqjg isoqjkafka l=ula o@

ffi, ;,hla we;sjsu

19 iEfok ffi, i¾j iu jkafka ljr ,laIK u.ska o@

j¾K foay ixLHdj u.ska $ m%udKd;aul f,i

.=Kd;aul f,i

20 fujeks jsNdck isoqjk wjia:d fudkjd o@

l<, j¾Okh

w,sx.sl m%ckkh

mqk¾j¾Okh

Hormones ans

i;aj fydafudak

1 i;aj fydadfudak l=uk ixfhda. j,ska ksmofjhs o@

,smsv jHq;amkak  yd fm%dagSk u.ska

2 tajd ksoyia lrk .%ka:s y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

wka;rdi¾. .%ka:s

3 ks¾kd, .%ka:s f,i tajd ye|skajsug fya;=j ,shkak

fjk;a .%ka:sj,  ksmojk i%dj mrsjykhg kd, mej;=k o fuu .%ka:s j, i%dj mrsjykhg kd, fkdue;s w;r reOsrh Tiafia mrsjykh fjhs’

4 tu lD;Huh fjkig wod, .%ka:sj, mj;sk  jHqyuh fjkila  fokak

tys flaYkd,sld nyq, jSu

5 foayh mqrd jsisrS we;s wka;rdi¾. .%ka:s j, ls%hdldrs;ajh r|d mj;skafka ljr .%ka:shl ls%hdldrs;ajh u; o@

msgshqgrsh

6 fjk;a .%ka:shla W;af;ackh i|yd ksmojk tjeks fydafudak lsysmhla ,shkak'

   

7 msgshqgrshg iajdOSk f,i fydafudak ksmojsu l< fkdyelshta ukao@

iuyr msgshqgrs fydafudak iEoSug ksoyia lsrsfus fydafudakj, W;af;ac lssrSu  wjYH nejsks

8 msgshqgrsfha  reOsr jdyskS nyq, LKavsldj l=ula o@

mQ¾j LKavsldj

9 iakdhq nyq, LKavsldj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wmr LKavsldj

10 tu iakdhq iusnkaO;dj mj;ska fka ljrla iu. o@ tys odhl;ajh  l=ulao@

yhsfmd;e,uih

ksmojk fydafudak msgshqgrsh fj; mrsjykh lrkafka fuu wlaik Tiafiah

11 tfia msgshqgrsh ;=, .nvd lrk fydafudakhla ,shkak

TlaisfgdaiSka

m%;sfu!;,H fydafudakh $jdfmdfm%iSka  $ ADH

Evolution ans

mrskduh

 1 mD:sjsfha wdrusNl jdhqf.da,h  $Wm; l=uk ld,hl isoqjS o@

-ns,shk 4'5 lg fmr

2 tu ld,h ;=, isoq jQ fjkialus ,shkak

         mD:sjs wNHka;rh o%j yrh yd m%djrKh jYfhka fjka jSu

       pqusnl lafIa;%hla ks¾udKh jSu

3 mD:sjsfha wdrusNl jdhqf.da,h  tkus Tlaiscka fyda Tsfidaka fkdue;s$ Tlaisydrl jdhqf.da,h iEoS ;snqfka flfia o@

         H₂   N₂   CO₂   H₂S    NH₃  CH₄   c, jdIAm

     4 j¾Idj we;sjSug ;=vq oqka fjkia jSu ,shkak

    mD:sjsfha WIaK;ajh wvq  jSu ksid c, jdIam >ksNjkh jSu

     5  j¾Idj iu. we;s jQ c,dY j, iqjsfYaI;ajh l=ula  o@

      c,fha o%djH wldnksl whk tla reia jsu ksid wdos iQmh ks¾udKh jsu

  

    6 wdos iQmfha wka;¾.;h l=ula o@ fuu u;h bosrsm;a lf<a ljqreka o@

      weuhsfkda wus, $ fuso wus, $.a,qfldaia$kshqla,sla wus, wKq jgd l,s, wKq tlareia jSu

1920 oS ye,afvska

7 fus i|yd wjYH Yla;sh ,nd .;af;a l=ulska o@

wl=Kq u.ska

mD:sjshg we;=¿ jk UV lsrK u.ska

huy,a jsodrKh u.ska

8 fujekakla  isoqjsh yels nj m%dfhda.slj bosrsm;a lf<a ljq o@  th isol< wkaou ,shkak

1953  iageka,s us,¾  yd yer,avs hqf¾

Tlaisydrl jdhqf.da,hla  is,a l< n,anhla ;+, ks¾udKh lsrSu

     H₂   N₂   CO₂   H₂S    NH₃  CH₄   c, jdIAm   wvx.+ jdhq usY%Khla ;+,ska jsoq,s mq<sÕ+jla hejSu

i;shlg miq M, ksrSlaIKh lsrSu

                            

9 fujeks wKq l,s,uh wKq j,ska jg jSfuka ks¾udKh jQfha ljrla o@

  fldweifjsg we;sjSu

10 fudjqka fmdaIKh ,enqfjs ljrlska o@

id.rfia mej;s ldnksl wKq u.ska

11 tu fmdaIK l%uh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

Tjqka jsIufmdaISka f,i cSj;a jSu

12 fmdaI o%jH wjika jSfu ka miq ljr fmdaIK l%uhla  fmkajk cSjSka werusN jQfha o@

ridhksl ixiaf,aISka nsysjSu

13 Tjqkaf.a mrsjD;a;sfha oS isoqjQ jeo.;a isoqjSula ,shkak Tjqka nsysjQfha ljodo@   

Tjqkaf.a mrsjD;a;Sh M,hla f,i fmda*hsrska wKqj ksmojSu

ns,shk 3'8lg fmr we;sjSu

     14 th lD;Huh jYfhka iudk jkafka l=ulg o@

      

      nelagSrshd laf,dfrdms,a j,g iudk;ajhka oelajSu

      15 ljr fmdaIK l%uhla fus ksid nsysjQfha o@

    m%Ndixiaf,aIS    fmdaIKh  we;sjSu

 16 Tlaiscka ksmojk  m%Ndixiaf,aISka nsysjQfha ljodo@   

   Tlaiscka ksmojk  m%Ndixiaf,aISka  ns,shk 3'5-3 lg fmr we;sjSu

 17 mD:sjs b;sydifha  m%Odk hq. 4 ,shkak

Archeozoic    m%dlaflausn%Sh ns,shk 2'7-0'7

Palaeozoic -  fm,sfhdfidhsla ns,shk 1'0-1'5

Mesozoic   -   uSfifidhsla

Cenozoic   -   iSfkdfidhsla

my; oela fjk isoqjSus j,g wod, hq. fudkjd o@

Tlaiscka ksmojk  m%Ndixiaf,aISka  ns,shk 3'5-3 lg fmr we;sjSu

m%dlaflausn%Sh hq.fha nelagSrshd yd fm%dgsiagdjka muKla cSj;a jSu

l  Paleozoic         Cambrian     us,shk   570

                                Ordovician   us,shk   510 

                               Silurian        us,shk   440

                                Devonian     us,shk   408

                                Carboniferous us,shk  us,shk   362

                                 Permian        us,shk   290

                                 Triassic       us,shk   245

 Mesozoic            Jurasic         us,shk   208

                            Cretaceous    us,shk   145

 Coenozoic           Tertiary      us,shk   - 65

18 wmDIaGjxYSka nyq,h              flausn%Sh us,shk  570  fmr

nelagSrshd yd fm%dgsiagdjka os,Sr mej;Su   flausn%Sh         

19 fN!usl Ydl we;sjSu   fud,qiald me;srSu   --- Tfvdjshka us,shk  510  fmr

u;aiH mrsKduh   ---- Tfvdjshka

s20  fmky,q u;aiHhka yd lDuSka  we;sjSu  ----is,QrSh       us,shk  440  fmr                                  

                              

  21  WNhcSjSka iusNjh jsu    fvfjdkSh  us,shk  408 fmr

        n%fhdmsgd uSjk Ydl    --- fvfjdkSh

  22  uSjk jkdka;r we;sjSu ldfndksmria    us,shk 362 fmr

     m%:u Wr.hka we;sjSu ---- ldfndksmria    

  23  flaa;+Or Ydl we;sjSu   ---- m¾ushka   us,shk  290 fmr   

    wefudksgd yd g%hsf,dndgd j|jSu    --- m¾ushka 

  24  jsjD; nScl nyq,jSu   g%heisla   us,shk  245 fmr   

   laISrmdhSka we;sjSu g%heisla

   25 imqIam Ydl we;sjsu cqrdisl us,shk  208 fmr   

fla;+Or Ydl me;srsu  ----cqrdisl

Wr.hkaf.a me;srSu ----cqrdisl

26 Wr.hkaf.a j|jSu ---- l%sfgsiSh us,shk  145 fmr   

mlaISka we;sjSu ---- l%sfgsiSh                

27  laISrmdhSkaf.a mrskduh  ----fm,sfhdiSka Paleocene

 28 wdjD; nScl Ydl me;srSu ---bfhdiSka   Eocene

 29 ksj¾;k jkdka;r we;sjSu --- T,sf.diSka    Oligocene

30 usksidg iudk jdkrhsla we;sjSu --- ufhdiSka    Miocene

31   laISrmdhSkaf.a nyq,jSu  --- ma,fhdiSka    Pliocoene

l  TskEu fjs,djloS wcSj o%jH j,ska iajhxisoaOj cSjh we;sjk nj

Wod ' l+Kqj,ska mkqjka we;sjSu

       fros len,s j,ska uShka we;sjSu

32 mrskduh  ms<sn| mj;sk by;ska i|yka u;h  y|qkajk ku l=ula o@   

   iajhxisoaO ckk jdoh

33   ish,q cSjSka iqjsfYaIS n,OdrS fojshka jykafia flfkl+ ujk ,o nj mjikafka l=uk u;hl o@

uejSu ms<sn| jdoh

34 wNHjldYfhka cSjSka Wod 'W,ald fyda wkH .%yf,dalhkska meusKs wNHjldY  hdkd

$ nScdKq meusKs nj;a thska cSjSka we;sjQ nj;a mejfikafka  ljr u;hl o@

fldiafudfidhsla u;h