Nerve Tissue

iakdhq mglh

1 iudfhdackh f,i y|qkajkafka l=ulao@  tys mj;sk  m%Odk ls%hdj,s 3 ,shkak

 ndysr fyda wNHka;r fjkiajsus $W;af;ach m%;s.%yKh

th wjfndaO lr .ekSu

m%;spdr oelajSu

2 ta i|yd  l=uk moaO;s odhl fjhs o@

iakdhq moaO;sh - jsoHq;a iudfhdackh

wka;rdi¾. moaO;sh - ridhksl iudfhdackh

3 usksidf.a  ndysr W;af;ach m%;s.%yKh l=ulska isoqfjhso@

 ixfjso bkaos%hhka u.ska

4 m%;spdr oelajSfusoS ls%hd;aul jkafka ljrlao@

 ldrlh $fmaYshla fyda .%ka:shla

5 my; oelafjk tla tla W;af;ac ljrla u.ska m%;s.%yKh lrhso@

Ynsoh  --lK

jd;fha we;s ridhksl o%jH - kdih

c,fha oshjQ ridhksl o%jH  -- osj

iam¾Yh -- yu

wdf,dalh -- wei

6 W;af;ac wjfndaO lr .ekSu isoq lrkafka l=ulska o@

uOH iakdhq moaO;sfhka $ fud<h yd iIquskdj u.ska

7 iakdhq moaO;sfha jHqyuh tallh l=ula o@

kshqfrdakh

8 tys m%Odk  fkdgia  fudkjd o@

ffi, foayh

iakdhquh m%ir $wlaik $wkqYdLsld

9 ffi, foayfhka bj;g wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh lrkafka l=ula o@

wlaik

10 ffi, foayfhka foig wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh lrkafka l=ula o@

wkqYdLsld

11 ffi, foayh ljr yevhla .kshs o@

wl%uj;a ;drldldr yevh

12 tys  ksi,a lKsld f,i yuqjkafka  ljrlao@

rhsnfidau

13 w.%ia: n,an f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

wlaikh fl<jr mj;sk bosuqu

14 wlaikh jgd t;Su isoq lrkafka ljr ffi, o@

Yafjdaka ffi,

15 kshqrsf,udj  f,i y|qkajkafka ljrla o@

Yafjdaka ffi,fha msg; mg,hhs’

16 rkajsh¾ .eg f,i kus lrkafka ljrla o@

Yafjdaka ffi, folla w;r m%foaYhhs

17 uh,ska we;af;a ljr ia:dkhl o@ tys mj;sk .=Kdx.h l=ula o@

Yafjdaka ffi,fha  kshqrsf,udj $ma,diau mg,  w;r

jsoHq;a mrsjdrl f,i ls%hd lsrSu

18 uh,Ska fldmqj rys; kshqfrdak orkafka ljqrekao@

wmdIaG jxYSka

19 uh,Ska fldmqj ;snsfuka we;sjk jdish l=ula o@

wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h jevsjSu

Yafjdaka ffi,fha

20 wlaikfha  uh,Ska fldmq w;r m%foaYh ljr kulsla y|qkajhs o@

rkajsh¾ .eg

21 wdfjs. iusfm%aIK  osYdj wkqj kshqfrdak  j¾. lr we;af;a flfia o@

wNsjdyS $ixfjsol kshqfrdak  - m%;s.%dylfha  $ixfjso bkaos%fha isg  uOH iakdhq moaO;sh fj;g  wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh

wmjdyS $ pd,l kshqfrdak  - uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha bj;g $ ldrlh fj;g wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh

wka;¾ydr kshqfrdak  - uOH iakdhq moaO;sh ;=, wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh

22 m%ir ixLHdj wkqj kshqfrdak  j¾. lr we;af;a flfia o@

   tal O%ej kshqfrdak

   oajs O%ej kshqfrdak

   nyq O%ej kshqfrdak

23 kshqfrdakhl  wlaikfha ffi, ma,diauh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wlaima,diauh

24 kshqfrdakhl  wlaikfha ma,diau mg,h ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wlaik mg,h

25 wdfjs.hla iusfm%aIKh fkdlrk wjia:dfjsoS tys we;=,; yd msg; mj;sk wdfrdamK

fudkjd o@

msg;  --- Ok wdfrdamK

we;=,; ---iDK wdfrdamK

26 tu fjkig  fya;= ,shkak

msg;g idfmalaIj we;=,; K⁺ wdfrdamK idkao%Kh by< hdu

we;=,;g idfmalaIj msg; Na⁺ wdfrdamK idkao%Kh by< hdu

27 fuu idkao%K fjki mj;ajd .ekSfusoS l=ula jeh fjhs o@

Yla;sh $ ATP

28 fuu mrsjyk l%uh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

ils%h mrsjykh $ whk fmdusm lsrSu

29 tu ksid we;sjk m%;sM,h l=ula o@

we;=,;g idfmalaIj msg; Na⁺ whk idkao%Kh

by< hdu  mg,fha msg;g  Ok wdfrdams; jSu yd we;=,;g idfmalaIj msg;

 K⁺ whk idkao%Kh by< hdu fya;=fjka mg,h we;=,;  iDK wdfrdams; jSu

30 tysoS  mg,h fomi we;sjk jsNjh lSh o@

-60 mV /  - 70 mV

31 W;af;achla ksid isoq jkafka l=ulao@

ils%h mrsjykh wekysgSu ksid ir, jsirKh wdrusN jSu

32 tysoS whk .uka lrkafka l=ula yryd o@

isoqre iys; fm%dagsk wKq yryd

33 tu ksid we;sjk m%;sM,h l=ula o@

msg;g idfmalaIj we;=,; Na⁺ whk idkao%Kh

by< hdu  mg,h we;=,;  Ok wdfrdams; jSu yd we;=,;g idfmalaIj msg;

 K⁺ whk idkao%Kh by< hdu fya;=fjka mg,h we;=,;  iDK wdfrdams; jSu

34 tu ls%hdj y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

jsO%ejKh

35 tysoS ia:dkSh Odrdj yg .kafka ljr ia:dk w;r o@

jsO%ejK ia:dkh yd bosrsfhka mj;sk O%ejK ia:dkh w;r

36 tysoS  we;sjk jsNjh lSh o@

 +40 mV

39 tysoS ia:dkSh Odrdj yg .ekSu ksid we;sjk fjk;a n,mEula ,shkak

bosrsfhka we;s O%ejK ia:dkh jsO%ejKh i|yd fm<UjSula we;s jSu

40 tu n,mEu ia:dkSh Odrdjg flfia n,mdhs o@

ia:dkSh Odrdj bosrshg .uka lsrSu i|yd

41 l,ska O%ejKh jQ ia:dkhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

ils%h mrsjykh $ whk fmdusm lsrSu u.ska mg,h O%ejK ;;ajhg f.k ths $m%;sO%ejKh lrhs

42 ta i|yd .;jk ld,h l=ula o@ th y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

us,s ;;amr 1

wkiaij ld,h

43 wlaikhl uh,ska fldmqj  jsoHq;a  mrsjdrl fjs’ ta wehs@

tys uh,Ska kus jQ fuso ;ekam;a js ;snSu ksid

44 tysoS  jsO%ejKhg ,la jkafka ljr ia:dko@

rkajsh¾ .eg iuSmfha

45 tysoS ia:dkSh Odrdj yg .kafka ljr ia:dk w;r o@

jsO%ejK ia:dkh yd bosrsfhka mj;sk   rkajsh¾ .egfha O%ejK ia:dkh w;r

46 uh,ska fldmq fkdue;s wlaik orkafka ljqrekao@

wmDIaGjxYSka

47 th wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.hg flfia n,mdhs o@

 wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h jevs lsrSug fya;= fjhs

wmDIaGjxYSkaf.a wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h  100ms^-1  kus  mDIaGjxYSkaf.a wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h lSho@

120ms^-1  

48   wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h r|d mj;skafka ljr jHqySh ,laIK u;o@

wlaikfha yria lv j¾. M,h wvqqjk jsg wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h  wvqfjhs $m%;sfrdaOh jevsfjhs

49 wmDIaGjxYSkaf.a wdfjs. iusfm%aIK fjs.h jevs lr .eksug ljr jHqySh ,laIK odhl fjhs o#

wlaikfha yria lv j¾. M,h jevslr .eksu $ fhdaO wlaik mej;Su

50 wlaikfha fl<jr we;s w.%ia: n,an mg,h y|qkajkafka ljr kulskao@

mQ¾j Wmd.u mg,h

51 jsO%ejK ;;ajh fus  olajd meusKs miq tys mdr.uH;dfjs ljr fjkila isoq fjhs o@

le,aishus whk j,g olajk mdr.uH;dj jevsfjhs

52 ta iu. w.%ia: n,anh ;=, ljr fjkila we;sfjhs o@

Wmd.u wdYhsld mQ¾j Wmd.u mg,hg iusnkaO jSu yd tys we;s ridhksl iusfm%aIlh  ksoyia lsrSu

53 tajd fha b,lalh ljrla o@

Wmd.uh yryd wkqYdLsldj fj; <Õd jSu

54 hdno kshqfrdakfha m%;s.%dyl fmfoi y|qkajkafka ljr kulskao@ tys isoqjk fjki l=ula o@

mYap Wmd.u mg,h

tu mg,h jsO%ejKh jSu

55 ridhksl iusfm%aIlh  f,i ls%hd lr, ixfhda. fudkjd o@

weisghs,a flda,Ska --- fkdrevsrsk,Ska --- firfgdkSka

56 wjidkfha ridhksl iusfm%aIlh g  w;ajk brKu l=ula o@

tkaihsuhla u.ska th c,jspsfPokh jSu

57 tjdks tkaihsuhla i|yka lrkak tu ls%hdj,sfha we;s jeo.;alu l=ula o@

flda,Ska tiafg%sia

iEfok M, kej;  w.%ia: n,an ;=,g we;=,q jSfuka weisghs,a flda,Ska ksmojSu

kej; wdfjs.hla iusfm%aIKh lsrSug wjia:dj ie,iSu

58 w.%ia: n,anh ;=, isoqjk fuu ls%hdj,sh ksid wdfjs. iusfm%aIKfha ljr ,laIKhla  oel.; yels o@

tla osYdjlg muKla wdfjs. iusfm%aIKh lsrSug yelsjSu

59 iuyr lDus kdYl u.ska ljr ls%hdj,shlg n,mEus we;s lrhs o@

flda,Ska tiafg%sia jskdY lrhs

60 cd,dldr iakdhq moaO;shla olakg ,efnkafka ljr i;aj jxYhg o@

ksfvsrshd$ tlsfkdv¾udgd

61 mDIaGjxYS iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia fol i|yka lrkak

uOH iakdhq moaO;sh

m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sh

62 uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia fol i|yka lrkak

fud<h yd iqIquskdj

63 m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk ixrp; fol i|yka lrkak

ffoysl iakdhq

wka;rx. iakdhq

64 iajhxidOl  iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk ixrpl fol i|yka lrkak

wkqfjs.S iakdhq moaO;sh

m%;Hkqfjs.S iakdhq moaO;sh

65 m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sfha lD;Hh l=ula o@

iuia:s;sh $wkspsPdkq. ls%hd md,kh

yosis ;;ajhlg Yrsrh iQodkus lsrSu $ yosis ;;ajhl oS igka lsrsug  fyda m,d hdug iQodkus lsrSu

66 iakdhq ksl=;a jkafka ljr ia:dk j,ska o@

lmd, iakdhq    ---  fud,h

iqIquskd iakdhq  ---  iqIquskdj fomiska msysgk mDIaGSh uQ,h  $ wmr uQ,h yd WorSh uQ,h $mQ¾j uQ,h  Tiafia

67 mDIaGjxYS iakdhq moaO;sfha iqIquskd iakdhq  hq., lShla ;sfns o@  

iqIquskd iakdhq  31

68 mDIaGjxYS iakdhq moaO;sfha lmd, iakdhq hq., lShla ;sfns o@  

lmd, iakdhq    12

69 iqIquskd j jgd mj;sk wdrlaIl wdjrK fudkjd o@

uOH       ---  c,dldr mg,h

msg;ska –   ---  jrdYsldj

we;=,;ska ---- pSkdxY=ldj

70  uIa;sIal iqIquskd ;r,h msysgkafka ljr fldgfia o@

uOH kd,h ;=,

th iusnkaO jkafka fud<fha ljr fldgi iu. o@

uIa;sIal fldaIsld iu.

72 iqIquskdfjs msg;ska msysgk  iqoq meye;s Yafjs; o%jH ljrla orhs o

kshqfrdak j, uh,skSN=; ;ka;=

73 iqIquskdfjs we;=,;ska msysgk  w¿ meye;s OQir o%jH ljrla orhs o

kshqfrdak j, ffi, foay

74 wNsjdyS kshqfrdak we;=¿ jkafka ljr uQ,h Tiafia o@

wmr uQ,h

75 tys ffi, foayh ljrla ;=, wka;¾.; fjhs o@

wmr uQ, .ex.a,shu

76 pd,l kshqfrdakh ksl=;a jkafka ljr uQ,fhka o@

mQ¾j uQ,fhka

77 iqIquskdj ;=, mj;sk kshqfrdakh l=ula o@

wka;¾ydr kshqfrdakh

78 tys ld¾hh l=ula o@

ixfjsol kshqfrdakh yd pd,l kshqfrdakh  w;r f;dr;=re iusnkaOSlrKh

Micro biology ans

laIqo% cSjS f,dalh -1

1 uyd cSjskag idfmalaIj laIqo% cSjSka i;= jeo.;a ,laIK fudkjd o@

mrsjD;a;Sh iS.%;dj wOsl jSu

m%ckl iS.%;dj wOsl jSu

wOsl j¾Ok iS.%;dj

mq¿,a fmdaIK mrdih

mq¿,a N+f.da,Sh jHma;sh

2 m%udKfhka l=vd jsu ksid ljr ,laIKhla $,laIK w;alr f.k ;sfns o@

mrsjD;a;Sh iS.%;dj wOsl jSu

mq¿,a N+f.da,Sh jHma;sh

3  mq¿,a N+f.da,Sh jHma;sh i|yd ljr ,laIKhla fya;=fjhs o@

mq¿,a fmdaIK mrdih

m%udKfhka l=vd jsu

Tlaiscka fkdue;s ks¾jdhq mrsir j, mjd cSj;a jSfus yelshdj

4 mrsjD;a;Sh iS.%;dj wOsl jSug fya;= olajkak

fmdaI o%jH jevs m%udkhla ffi, ;=,g .ekSfus yelshdj

mDIaG j¾. M,h $ mrsud wkqmd;h wOsl jsu

5 os.« m<, «Wi  jk >klhka folla ie,ls,a,g .ksuska  ms<s;=re fokak

   A >klh    10 cm «10 cm «10cm

   B >klh    1 cm «1 cm «1cm

tla  tla  >klfha    mDIaG j¾. M,h $ mrsud wkqmd;h .Kkh lrkak jevs w.hla fmkakqus lrkafka ljr >klh o@

   A >klh    600 cm²  $ 1000 cm³

      B >klh    6 cm²  $ 1 cm³

B >klh   

6 Tlaiscka fkdue;s ks¾jdhq mrsir j, mjd cSj;a jSfus yelshdj we;s nelagsrshd fudkjd o@

ffjl,amsl ks¾jdhq nelagSrshd

ks¾jdhq nelagSrshd

laIqo% jd;lduS nelagSrshd

7 Tlaiscka iys; mrsir j, mjd cSj;a jSfus yelshdj we;s nelagsrshd fudkjd o@

iajdhq nelagSrshd

8 j¾Okh wjidkfha isoqjkafka l=ula o@

m%ckkh

9 tys jeo.;alu l=ula o@

 mDIaG j¾. M,h $ mrsud wkqmd;h ksh;j mj;ajd .ekSfuka mrsjD;a;Sh iS.%;dj by< w.hl mj;ajd .ekSug yels jSu

10 laIqo% cSjSka f.a Yla;s m%Njhka fudkjd o@

wdf,dalh

ridhksl Yla;sh ^ldnksl $ wldnksl&

11 ldnka m%Nj f,i l=ula Ndjs; lrhs o@

ftkaos%h ldnka fyda ldnkavfhdlaihsvs

Nitrobacter

Nitrosomonas

Cyanobateria

ous fkdjk i,am¾ nelagsrshd

yrs; nelagSrshd

ous i,am¾ nelagsrshd

12 ldnkavfhdlaihsvs ldnka m%Njh f,i Ndjs; lrkafka ljqreka o@

yrs; nelagSrshd

ous i,am¾ nelagsrshd

Cyanobateria

13 tjeks fjk;a nelagSrshdjla kus lrkak

khsfg%d nelag¾ $ Nitrobacter

 khsfg%dfidaukdia / Nitrosomonas

13 ftkaos%h ldnka m%Njh f,i Ndjs; lrkafka ljqreka o@

ous fkdjk i,am¾ nelagsrshd

14 Yla;s m%Njh f,i wdf,dalh fhdod .kafka ljqreka o@

ous fkdjk i,am¾ nelagsrshd

yrs; nelagSrshd

ous i,am¾ nelagsrshd

Cyanobateria

15 os,sSr yd fm%dgfidjd jeks cSjSka Yla;sh ,nd .kafka ljr o%jH ;=,ska o@

ftkaos%h o%jH ;=,ska

16 wldnksl ixfhda. ;=,ska Yla;sh ,nd .kafka ljqreka o@

Nitrobacter

Nitrosomonas

Animal cell 2

1 fm%dagSk j,ska iukajs; k, y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@$ kus j,ska o@

laIqo% iQ;s%ld

laIqo% kd,sld

2 fus w;rska l=yruh njla fmkajkafka ljrlska o@ tys wvx.= fm%dagSkh ,shkak

laIqo% kd,sld

gshqnshq,ska

3 laIqo% iq;s%ld j, wvx.= fm%dagSkh ,shkak

welagSka

4 fujeks laIqo% kd,sld tlajSfuka ms<sfh,jS we;s fjk;a jHqy fudkjd o@

flakao% foay

lYsld

mlaIu

5 wxY=uh o%jH hus osYdjlg p,kh  msKsi odhl jkafka ljrla o@

mlaIu

6 cSjshl= hus osYdjlg p,kh  msKsi odhl jkafka ljrla o@

lYsld

7 m¾hka; ;ka;= 9 la yd uOH ;ka;= 2 lska iukajs; jkafka ljrl o@

flakao% foay

lYsld

mlaIu

8

mlaIu ork mglhla ,shkak

mlaIuOr wmspsPoh

9 wxY=uh o%jH hus osYdjlg p,kh  msKsi odhl jkafka ljrla o@

mlaIu

10 yn,l ls%hdldrs;ajh we;af;a ljrlg o@

mlaIu

11 laIqo% kd,sld 3 lska hq;a tall j,ska iukajs; jkafka ljrlo@

flakao% foay

12 flakao%sldj ms<sfh, jS we;af;a flfia o@

laIqo% kd,sld 3 lska hq;a tall kjhlsks

13flakao% foayh ieliS we;s wkaou ,shkak

laIqo% kd,sld 3 lska hq;a tall kjhla iys; tlsfklg ,usnlj mj;sk flakao%sld follsks

14 ffi, iels,a, iEoSug odhl jkafka ljrla o@

laIqo% iQ;s%ld

laIqo% kd,sld

wka;¾ udOH mQ;s%ld

15 ta u.ska bgq lrk lD;Hh ,shkak

ffi,h ;=, mj;sk bkaos%ld ksYaps; oqrlska ;nd .ekSu

wdYhsld wjYH ia:dkhg mrsjykh

ffi,hg yevhla ,nd osu yd ikaOdrKh

16 weuSndldr p,k ksmojSug odhl jkafka ljr ffi,Sh jsm¾hdihla o@ thg odhl;ajh imhkafka

ljrla o@

ffi, ma,diauSh .,d hdu

laIqo% iQ;s%ld

Animal Cell answers

ffi,h - ma,diau mg,h

Theodore Schwen

Rudolf Virchow

Robert hooke

Matthias Schleiden

Anton Van Leeuwehook

1 ish¿u Ydl ffi,j,ska iEos we;s nj

 ish¿u cSjska ffi,j,ska iEos we;s nj fmkajd oqkafka ljq o@

Matthias Schleiden

2 nelagSrshd ksrSlaIKh

 ffi,h hkak y|qkajd oSu isoqlf<aa ljqreka o@

Anton Van Leeuwehook

3 ffi,h jHqyuh tallh f,i i,lkafka wehs@

 iEu cSjshl=u ffi, j,ska f.dvke.S we;s ksid

4 ffi,h lD;Huh tallh f,i i,lkafka wehs@

iEu cSjshl=f.au ffi, j, lD;Hhka isoq lrkafka  ffi, h kus jQ tallh ;=,h’

5 ma,diau mg,fha wvx.= ix>gl fudkjd o@

fmdiafmd ,smsv $ fm%dagsk $ ldfndayhsvsf¾g

6 fmdiafmd ,smsv j, mj;sk .;s.=K fudkjd o@

;r,uh nj $ .,d hdfus .=Kh

O%ejSh nj

7 ta ksid ;jr .=Kdx. ffi, ma,diau mg,h w;a lrf.k ;sfns o@

 .;sl nj

ma,diau mg,fha msg; iDK njla mej;Su

8 fm%dagSk jHma; js we;af;a flfia o@

w¾aO jYfhka .s,qKq fm%dagSk  we;=,;g muKla jsjD; jS we;s

w¾aO jYfhka .s,qKq fm%dagSk  msg;g muKla jsjD; jS we;s

mg,h yryd jsysoqKq fm%dagSk

9 c,fha o%djH l=vd wKq j, ir, jsirKhg odhl jk fm%dagsk wKq j, jsfYaI;ajh l=ula o@

mg,h yryd jsysoqKq fm%dagSk j, isoqre ;snSu

isoqre wdYs%;j c,lduS fm%dagSk we;'

10 idkao% wkql%uKhg tfrysj isoqjk wKq .uka lsrSfusoS ljr fm%dagSk odhl fjhs o@

jdyl fm%dagSk $ w¾aO jYfhka .s,qKq fm%dagSk 

11 Yla;sh jeh lruska wKq mrsjykh lrkafka ljr wjia:dj,oSo@ WodyrK fokak

idkao% wkql%uKhg tfrysj isoqjk wKq .uka lsrSfusoS

 fidavshus whk mrsjykfha oS

12 jdyl Ndjs; lruska mrsjykh jk wls%h mrsjyk o%jHla ,shkak

.a,qfldaia

13 ldfndayhsvsf¾g olakg ,efnk ia:dkh l=ula o@’

ma,diau mg,fha msg; mDIaGfha

14 wd.ka;=l o%jH f,i y|qkd.; yelafla ljrla o@

fjk;a ffi,

fm%dagsk yd fjk;a wKq

15 ma,diau mg,fha fjk;a lD;Hhka fudkjd o2

ffi,h ;=, wmo%jH neyer lsrSu hdukh

ffi,h ;=, wdi%e;sl ;=,H;dj mj;ajd .eksu

16 ma,diau mg,h ls%hdldrS wdjrKhla f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

o%jH we;=¿ lsrSu yd msg lsrSu md,khla iys;j l< yels ksid

17 me;,s mg,uh uvs f,i ffi, ;=, mj;skafka fudkjd o@

f.d,acs foay

r¿ wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld

isks|q wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld

18 tajd w;=rska tlsfklg iusnkaO jQ ;yvq f,i mj;skafka ljrla o@ tys wdldr fudkjd o@

wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld

r¿ wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld

isks|q wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld

19 tys mj;sk jHqyuh fjki l=ula o@

r¿ wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld u; rhsnfidau mj;shs isks|q wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld u; rhsnfidau fkdmj;shs

20 isks|q wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld j, lD;Hh ,shkak

,smsv  iafgfrdhsv yd ldfndayhsvsf¾g ixiaf,aYKh

tajd mrsjykh i|yd iusfm%aIK wdYhsld ksmojhs

le,aishus whk ixps; lsrsu

OQ,l j, jsI keisu

 21 r¿ wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld j, lD;Hh ,shkak

th u; we;s rhsnfidau u.ska fm%dagSk ixiaf,aYKh yd tajd mrsjykh i|yd iusfm%aIK wdYhsld

ksmojhs

 22 jl%dldr uvs f,i i,lkafka ljrla o@

f.d,acs foay

23 wdYhsld ksmojsfus yelshdj we;af;a ljrlg o@

f.d,acs foay

r¿ wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld

24 tu wdYhsld j,ska ,hsifidau idokafka ljrla o@

f.d,acs foay

25 tu wdYhsld j,ska laIqo%foay idokafka ljrla o@

wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld

26 wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld yd f.d,acs w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld ksmojk wdYhsld u.ska f.d,acs foay we;sfjhs

27 wka;( ma,diauSh cd,sld ksmojk wdYhsld ;=, wka;¾.; jkafka l=ula o@

ta u; we;s rhsnfidau u.ska ksmojk fm%dagSk we;=,;a fjhs

28 ta u.ska wkd.;fha oS ksmojkafka fudkjd o@

c,jspsfPol tkaihsu

29 f.d,acs foay j,   isoqjk ksIamdok lD;Hh $ lD;Hhka  ,shkak

.a,hsfld ,smsv yd .a,hsfld fm%dagsk ksmojSu $ fm%dagSk jslrKh lsrSu

30 f.d,acs foay j,   isoqjk fjk;a lD;Hh $ lD;Hhka  ,shkak

jslrKh  l< wKq i%djS wdYhsld ;=, weisrsu yd tu wdYhsld  ffi, ;=, mrsjykh

31 Tlaisldrl tkaihsu iys; jk wdYhsld ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

laIqo% foay

32 tys we;s tkaihsu isoqlrk Tlaisldrl ls%hdj, hi|yka lrkak

mrsjD;a;sh ld¾hdj,s ;=, ksmofjk fmfrdlaihsv ns| oeuSu $ c,hg yd Tlaiscka j,g ns|Su

33 tysoSs isoqjk ixjD;a;Sh ls%hdjla ,shkak tajd y|qkajk kula ,shkak

,smsv  u.ska ldfndayhsvsf¾g ixiaf,aYKh

.a,fhdlaisfidau

34 fmfrdlaihsv ns| oeuSu isoqlrk jHqyh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

fmfrdlaisfidau

35 fmfrdlaisfidau j, fjk;a ld¾hhla ,shkak

Ydl j, isoqjk m%NdYajikhg iyNd.s jSu

36 i;aj ffi,j, fkdue;af;a l=ula o@

.a,fhdlaisfidau

37 ,hsifidau osjs kdYl u¿ f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

tys wka;¾.; tkaihsu ffi,h ;=,g ksoyia lsrSu ksid ffi,h iajhxcS¾Khg ,la jSu

tjeks wjia:djka i|yd WodyrK fokak

biaf.vshl=f.a j,s.h flgsjSfus oS

reuefgdhsvs wd;rhsgsia frda.shl=f.a ldgsf,ac jskdY jSfus oS

38 ,hsifidau m%;splS%lrKhg odhl jk jHqy  f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

jhia.; bkaos%ld cS¾Kh lr th iEoSug odhljQ wuqo%jH kej; kj fldgia ksmojSu i|yd

Ndjs;hg wjldY ie,iSu

39 tyss we;=,;a tkaihsu j¾. fudkjd o@

,hsfmaia $kshqla,sfhaia $fm%dagsfhaia $ldfndayhsvsf¾ia

40 fuu tkaihsu Ndjs; lr ffi,hlg  ljr n,mEus we;s lrhs o@

jhia.; bkaos%ld cs¾Kh $ iaj NlaIKh  Autophagy

nysIa ffi,Sh cS¾Kh

iajhx  cS¾Kh   Autolysis

jhia.; ffi, ma,diaush fldgia cS¾Kh

tla tla wjia:d i|yd WodyrK fokak

wia:s  cS¾Kh $ wdydr ud¾.h ;=, isoqjk cS¾Kh

;=jd, jQ ffi, jskdY lsrSu

Plant movement ans

W;af;ac  j,g m%;spdr oelajSu

1 W;af;ac j,g m%;spdr oelajsu Ydl  yd i;ajhska i;= cSjS ,laIKhla fjs

tysoS y|qkd.; yels m%Odk fjkia lula ,shkak

Ydl j, W;af;ac j,g m%;spdr oelajsfus fjs.h wvqh i;ajhskaf.a Ydl j, W;af;ac j,g m%;spdr oelajsfus fjs.h jevsfjs

mrsirfhka ,nd.;a   ksrslaIK lsysmhla fuys olajd we;

tal md¾Yajsl wdf,dalh foig Ydl w.%hla keuS j¾Okh jSu

la,eusfvdfukdia wdsf,dalh foig isoq lrk p,kh

ksosl=usnd Ydlhla iam¾Y l< jsg isoqjk p,k

wdOdrlhla jgd wfrdayl Ydlhla t;Su

2 tla tla p,k i|yd fya;= jk  w;af;ach l=ulaoehs y|qkajkak

wdf,dalh

wdf,dalh

iam¾Yh

iam¾Yh

3 W;af;ach yd m%;spdr olajk osYdj w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ulao@  

wdf,dalh meusfKl osYdjg  p,kh isoqfjhs

 wvq wdf,dal  ;‘Sj%;djla mj;sk  osYdjg  p,kh isoqfjhs

tjeks iusnkaO;djla ke;

tjeks iusnkaO;djla ke;

4 tu p,k w;r p,kh m%;sj¾;H jkafka $ uq, ;;ajhg m;a jSu isoqjkafka ljrlo@

la,eusfvdfukdia wdsf,dalh foig isoq lrk p,kh

ksosl=usnd Ydlhla iam¾Y l< jsg isoqjk p,k

5 flgs ld,hlska isoqjsh yels p,k f,i i,lkafka ljrla o@

la,eusfvdfukdia wdsf,dalh foig isoq lrk p,kh

ksosl=usnd Ydlhla iam¾Y l< jsg isoqjk p,k

6 ksosl=usnd Ydlhl p,khg iudk  p,k olajk fjk;a Ydl kus lrkak

rks, Ydl

7 jHqqyuh jYfhka tys mj;sk ,laIKhla ,shkak

WmOdk mej;Su

8 p,khg fya;= jkafka WmOdk fha ffi,j, ljr ls%hdj,shla o@

ffi, ;=, mj;sk c,h wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY ;=,g we;=¿ jSu ksid tajd jsY+k jSu

9 mqIam msmSfus oS o fuhg iudk Y+k;dj fjkiajsfus ls%hdj,shla iso fjhs  jvd;a Y=k ffi, yuqjkafka

mqIam m;% j, ljr mDIaGfha o@ isoqjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

Wvq mDIaGfha

10 mqIam m;% j, hg mDIaGhg idfmalaIj Wvq mDIaGfha ffi, os.ska jevs jsu

Y=k;djfha fjkila ksid we;sjk fujeks p,k y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

ikakuk p,k

11 fujeks p,k flfrys fya;= jk ixfhda. fudkjd o@

Ydl fydafudak $ TlaiSk

12 ksosl=usnd Ydlh olajk p,k j,g fya;=jk fjk;a W;af;ac fudkjd o@

 wvq wdf,dal ;sj%;dj

;dmh

lusmkh

13 W;af;acfha iajNdjh wkqj p,k kus lrhs by; i|yka W;af;ach wkqj ,ndosh yels ku l=ula o@

m%Nd ikakuk p,k $kso%d ikakuk p,k

;dmikakuk p,k

lusmd ikakuk p,k

14 j¾Okfha we;sjk fjkia jsula ksid we;sjk wm%;sj¾;H p,khla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdj¾;S p,khla kus fjhs

Tng th y|qkd .ekSug Wmfhda.S lr .; yels ,laIKhla ,shkak

W;af;acfha osYdj;a p,k osYdj;a w;r iusnkaOhla we;

by; i|yka  jS we;s ,laIK w;rskatjeks wdj¾;S p,k f;darkak

wdOdrlhla jgd wfrdayl Ydlhla t;Su

tal md¾Yajsl wdf,dalh foig Ydl w.%hla keuS j¾Okh jSu

15 fmdapspshl jjk ,o Ydlhla yria w;g fmr<S .sh jsg .=re;ajfhka bj;g  Ydl w.%hla keuS j¾Okh jSfus oS .=re;ajhg iuSm mDIaGfha we;s lf|a mgl j, ljr fjkila isoqjsh hq;= o@

m%;sjsreoaO mDIaGhg idfmalaIj ffi, os.ska jevs jSu

16 .=re;ajfha n,mEfuka fujekakla isoqfjs o  hkak mrslaId lr ne,Su i|yd Ndjs; l< yels WmlrKhla  y|qkajkak

la,sfkdiagegh

17 tys Ydlh r|jd we;s fldgi ksrka;rfhka fiuska N%uKh jSug i,iajd we; thska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka l=ula o@

 Ydl lf|a  .=re;ajhg iuSm mDIaGhg we;slrk n,mEu fudfyd;ska  fudfyd; fjkia lsrSu

Ydl l|g .=re;aj n,h taldldrS f,i oekSug ie,eiajSu

18 i;s lsysmhlg miq ljr ksrSlaIKhla ,efns hehs wfmalaId lrkafka o@

 Ydl w.%hla .=re;ajhg iudka;rjd f,i  j¾Okh jSu

19 tfia isoqjkafka  wehs@

l| jgd we;s  ffi, taldldrS f,i os.ska jevs jSu ksid

 uqf,a w.%h .=re;ajh  foig keuS j¾Okh jSu tysoS isoq fjhs th ljr p,k j¾.hlg wh;a fjhs o@

.=re;ajdj¾;Ss p,k

20  tu ,laIKh fmkajk fjk;a p,k wdldrhla y|qkajkak

id¾jir p,k

21  fus wkqj Tn oekg y|qkdf.k we;s  m%Odk Ydl p,k wdldr 3 olajkak

id¾jir p,k

wdj¾;Ss p,k

ikakuk p,k

22 W;af;ach  foig isoqjk p,k Ok p,k f,i;a W;af;acfhka   bj;g isoqjk p,k iDK p,k

f,i;a y|qkajhs’ ta wkqj my; olajd we;s p,k  kus lrkal

uq, .=re;ajh foig j¾Okh  --------  Ok .=re;ajdj¾;Ss p,k

l|  w.%h .=re;ajfhka bj;g j¾Okh  jSu ----- iDK .=re;ajdj¾;Ss p,k

myqre wdOdrl jgd t;Su  ---- Ok iam¾Ydj¾;S p,k

l=Kav,dldr m;% os. yerSu ----ikakuk p,k

l+v¿ Ydlfha M,h msmsrS nSc jHma; jSu --- ikakuk p,k

mqgsld jsjD; jSu ----m%Nd ikakuk p,k

Translocation ans

wdydr mrsjykh

1 wdydr mrsjyk  mglh l=ula o@

maf,dahu mglh

2 mrsKdufha oS uq,skau mrsjyk mglhla y|qkd .;af;a ljr Ydl fldgsGdYfha o@

n%fhdamssgd

3 Wiia Ydl j,g  jvd tys mej;s fjki ,shkak

n%fhdamssgd j,  mrsjyk mgl ish,qu ffi, rEmshg iudk jsu Wiia Ydl j, rEmshg wiudk ffi, o¾Y 4la  fuu mglhg wh;a fjhs

4 Wiia Ydl j, mj;sk ffi, o¾Y kus lrkak

fmfkar k, uQ,dx. $iypr ffi,  $maf,dahu uDoq ia;r ffi, $maf,dahu ;ka;=

5 wdydr mrsjykhg jvd;a yev.eis we;af;a ljr  ffi, o@$ ffi, hka o@

fmfkar k, uQ,dx.

6 ta i|yd mj;sk yev.eiSu l=ula o@

ffi,fhka ffi,hg  wdydr f.khdu msKsi ffi, ns;a;sh u; isoqre iys; fmfkar ;, mej;su

kHIags fkdue;s jsu

7 fmfkar k, uQ,dx. hla yd m;% uOH ffi,hla w;r mj;sk fjk;a fjkialus ,shkak

uhsgfldkavs%hd l=vd jsu$ fkdue;s jSu

ffi, ma,diauh iaj,am f,i mej;Su

rhsnfidau fyda f.d,a.s fkdue;s jsu

8 lef,dai iEoSu ksid isoq jkafka l=ula o@ ljr wjia:d j,oS th isoqfjhs o@

wdydr mrsjykh je,lS hhs

YS; iD;=fjs  oS

9 lef,dai iEoS we;af;a l=ulska o@

ldfndayhsvsf¾g$ .a,qfldaiaj, nyq wjhjl

10 maf,dahufha wka;¾.; ldnksl o%jH  l=ula o@

iqlafrdaia $ fuso wus, $.a,sifrda,a $weuhsfkda wus,$ j¾Ol o%jH $jssguska

11 maf,dahufha wka;¾.; fjk;a o%jH  fudkjd o@

Ydl j,g fhdok ridhksl o%jH  Wod fmdiafmag , K⁺ whk

12 iqlafrdaia mrsjykhg  Wps; ixfhda.hla f,i i,lkafka wehs@

iqlafrdaiaj,  c,fha o%djH;dj by< jSu ksid

idfmalaI f,i mrsjD;a;Sh wls%h o%jHh;a jsu

13 wdydr mrsjykh lrkafka ljr fldgia j,g o@

ixps; lrk jHqy j,g

j¾Ol fldgia

14 mrsjykh  wdrusN ia:dk jgd we;s mgl fudkjd o@

wdydr ksmojk ffi, $bks uDoqia;r ffi, $ijsjr uDoqia;r ffi,

ixps; lrk jHqy j, $mgl

15 tjeks ia:dk y|qkajk ku ,shkak

m%Njh  $source

16 iypr ffi, j, ld¾hh l=ula o@

mrsjD;a;Sh Yla;sh fhdod .ksuska iqlafrdaia yd wfkl=;a o%jH fmfkar k, uQ,dx. ;=,g we;=¿ lsrsu

17 ta i|yd mj;sk yev .eiSu l=ula o@

tys uhsgfldkavs%hd nyq, jSu

wjfYdaIk mDIaGh jevslr .ekSu i|yd fkrsus mej;Su

 18 osjd ld,fha oS o%djH jsNjh jevs w.hl mj;skafka m;%hl we;s ljr ffi, j,o@ iypr ffi, j,o@ fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,o@

fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,

19 by; ld¾hfha os Yla;sh jeh jkafka wehs@

idkao% wkql%uKhg tfrysj iypr ffi, j, isg fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,g weydr we;=¿ lsrsug

20 fuu ls%hdj y|qkajk ku ,shkak

maf,dahu ner lsrsu

21 m;%hl mrsjyk mgl mj;skafka ljr ia:dkhl o@

m;% kdrgsfha

s22 maf,dahu mglhg iam¾Yj mj;sk fjk;a mrsjyk mglhla kus lrkak

ffY,u mglh

23 maf,dahu ner lsrsfusos l=uk ffi, o¾Yhl c, jsNjh wvq fjhs o@

fmfkar k, uQ,dx.

24 mj;sk c, jsNj fjki fya;=fjka l=uk mglhl isg fuu mglhg  c,h we;=¿ fjhs o@

ffY,u mglfhA  isg

25 fus ksid fmfkar k, ;=, yg .kakd mSvkh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

o%jia:s;sl mSvkh

26 wdydr ;ekam;a lrk  mglh l=ula o@

 uDoq ia;r mglh

27 Ydlhl ljr fldgia fuu lD;Hh isoq lrhs o@ tjeks ia:dk y|qkajk kula ,shkak

uq, $N+.; l|ka $M, $nSc

wmdhkh

28 ixps; o%jH f,i mj;sk ixfhda. j, mj;sk ,laIKhla ,shkak

c,fha wo%djH jsu

mrsjD;a;sh f,i wls%h jSu

29 tu ffi, ;=,g wdydr we;=¿ lsrsu ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

maf,dahu yr lsrSu

30 tu ffi, wdYs%;j mj;sk fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j, c, jsNjh wvq fjhs o@ $jevs fjhs o@

jevs fjhs

31 tu fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,  o%j ia:s;sl mSvkh g l=ula isoq fjhs o@

jevs fjhs

32 m;% kdrgsfha we;s fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,  o%j ia:s;sl mSvkh;a  wdydr ixps; ia:dk;a w;r mj;sk o%j ia:s;sl mSvk wkql%uKh  ksid l=ula n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka o@

m%Njfha isg wmdhkh olajd c,fha o%djH M, .uka lsrsu

33 fuysos isoqjk c, .uk y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

ialkaO m%jdyh

34 maf,dahu mrsjykh o%j ia:s;sl mSvkhla Tiafia isoqjk njg y|qkd.; yels idlaIs mj;S o@

rn¾ lsrs lemSfusos b;d fjs.fhka  lsrs $maf,dahush hqI .,d hdu

lmk ,o fmd,a u,lska uSrd $ fl,scac jEiaiSu b;d fjs.fhka isoq fjhs’

 35 c, mrsjykhg idfmalaIj wdydr mrsjykfha fjkila ,shkak

c, mrsjykhg tla osYdjlg isoqjk w;r wdydr mrsjykh TskEu osYdjlg isoq fjhs