tallh
6
mrsjykh
1
tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a iaa:dkhlg c, wKq mrsjykh jkafka l=ula ksid o@
tu
wKqj, mj;sk pd,l Yla;sh ksid
2
.x.d c,h yd wdi%e; c,h w;frka Wmrsu pd,l Yla;shla we;af;a oS we;s
o%djK j,ska ljrl o@
wvq
pd,l Yla;shg fya;=j ,shkak
wdi%e;
c,h
o%%djH
whk iu. c, wKq idok wka;¾ wKql n, ksid c, wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh wvq jSu
3
c, wKq j, iuia; pd,l Yla;sh fya;=fjka tu wKq j,g ld¾hh lsrsfus
yelshdj $Odrs;dj ljr w.hlska uek.; yels o@
c,
jsNjh
4
c, jsNjh jevslr .; yels l%uhla ,shkak
msvkh
jevslsrSfuka
WIaK;ajh
jevs lsrSfuka
5
frdaysfhda wmsp¾uSh isjs lsishus idkao%Khla we;s o%djKhlg fhdod
wkajslaIfhka ksrslaIKh l<fyd;a Tn oelSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk ksrslaIK
,shkak
iuyr
ffi, Y+k f,i mej;Su
iuyr
ffi, jsY+k f,i mej;Su
6
tys hus ffi,hla jsY+k nj Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@
frdai
$ous j¾Kh jHma; jsu taldldrS fkdjSu $ma,diau mg,h ffi, ns;a;sfhka
wE;ajS ;snSu j¾Kl jHma;sh wkqj fidhd.; yelsh
7
ffi,hla jsY+k jkafka wehs@
ffi,fhka
msg;g c,h .uka lsrSu ksid $ndysrdi%e;sh ksid
8
tys c, jsNjh jevs ia:dkh l=ula o@
iSsks
o%djKfha
9
ma,diau mg,h yd rsla;l mg,h wdka;r mdr.uH $ jrK mdr.uH njla fmkajhs
kus fuu isoqjSu ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@
ndysrdi%e;sh
10
ish¿u ffi, taldldrs fjkila fkdfmkajkafka wehs@
tla
tla ffi,fha hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjhka w.hhka wiudk ksid
1
c,h ;=, p,kh jk wKq we; tys wvx.= Yla;sh ljr kulska ye|skafjhs
o@
pd,l
Yla;sh
2
c,h r;a lrk jsg wKqj, fjs.hg l=ula isoq fjhs o@ tys m%;sM,h l=ula o@
pd,l
Yla;sh jevsjsu
ld¾hh
lsrsfus yelshdj jevs jSu
3
mssrsisoq c, Ndckhl ^wdi%e; c,h & c, wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh Wmrsu
fjhs tfy;a ,qKq o%jKh r;al< jsg tys ;dmdxlh jevsfjhs $ c, wKqj,
pd,l Yla;sh wvq fjhs 'ta l=ula ksido@
m%n,
wka;ra wKql n, yg .ekSu ksid c, wKq j, pd,l Yla;sh wvq jsu
iuia;
c, wKq j, pd,l Yla;sh fhdod .ksuska ld¾hhla isoql< yelsh'
c,jsNj;dj f,i y|qkajkafka th ueksh yels Odrs;djls'
4
c, jsNj;dj jevs w.hla .kafka ljr o%djKhl o@
wdi%e;
c,fha
5
c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkhl yd c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh kus
lrkak
c,
wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkhl ----- wdi%e;
c,h
c,
wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh -----nSchl
we;s ffi,
6
i;aj ffi,hla wdi%e; c,hg fhoQ jsg c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkh yd
c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh kus lrkak
c,
wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkh ----- wdi%e;
c,h
c,
wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh ----- i;aj ffi,
7
i;aj ffi,hla c,hg fhoQ jsg c, .uk isoqjkafka ljr osYdjg o@ wjidkfha
l=ula isoqfjhs o@
ffi,h
;=,g
8
wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla yryd isoqjk c,h .uka lsrsu y|qkajk ku ,shkak'
wdi%e;sh
9
wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla fjkqjg ffi, ns;a;shla mej;=ks kus th yryd
isoqjk c,h .uka lsrsu y|qkajk ku ,shkak
jsirKh
ialkaO
m%jdyh
10
c, jsNjh jevs ia:dkhl isg c, jsNjh wvq ia:dkhla olajd c,h .uka lsrSu
iEu jsgu isoqfjhs kus pd,l Yla;sh fjkia l< yels$ c, jsNj;dj fjkia
l< yels l%u my; ksrslaIk w;frka f;darkak WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSu
u.ska $ mSvkh u.ska $ idkao%Kh fjkia lsrSu $c,ldus o%jH mej;Su
1
r;a lrk jsg c,h jdIamslrKh jevsjSu ------- WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSu
u.ska
11
tkak;a lsrsfuaoS isrskac Ndjs; lrhs -----mSvkh fjkia lsrSu u.ska
111
jsh<s nSc fmÕjSu i|yd c,h jssYd, mrsudjla fhoSug isoq fjhs
------c,lduS o%jH mej;Su
1
v jsh<s
usos c,hg oeuQ jsg mrsudj jevsfjhs---------c,ldus o%jH mej;Su
iSks
o%djKh 0.2M
0.1M
wdi%e; c,h
c,
jsNjh lsf,da meial,a -540 -260 0
11
Wmrsu c, jsNj w.h ψ / psi
we;af;a l=ul o@tys w.h lSh o@
wdi%e;
c,fha
0
12
o%djH m%udKh jevsjk jsg l=ula isoqfjhso@
c,
jsNjh wvqfjhs'
13
0.2M
o%djKfha idkao%Kh fya;= fldg f.k c,jsNjh fldmuK m%udKhlska wvqjs
;sfns o@
lsf,da
meial,a 280
14
o%djKhl idkao%Kh fya;= fldg f.k c,jsNj fjkiajk m%udKh o%djH jsNjh
kus fjhs 0.1M
o%djKfha tu w.h lsho@
lsf,da
meial,a 260
15
isrskachlg wdi%e; c,h fhdod msiagkh ;o l<jsg c,jsNjhg l=ula
isoqfjhs o@
jevsfjhs'
16
c,lduS o%jH f,i .efkkafka ta.d¾ fm%dagsk jeks o%jHhkah ksmdkh f,i
ye|skafjkafka tjeks ixfhda. u.ska isoqlrk c,h wOsfYdaIkh jSu ksid c,
jsNjhg l=ula fjhs o@
jevsfjhs'
17
.=re;ajh fyda msvkh ksid c,h p,kh jsu ialkaO m%jdyh kus fjhs tjeks
wjia:djlg WodyrK ,shkak wxl 10 wjia:do Ndjs; l< yelsh
.x.djl
c,h .,d hdu
1
Ydl ffi,hl ffi, ma,diaufha wka;¾.;h ,shkak
fm%dagSk
$c,h $
2
Ydl ffi,hl c,fha o%djH M, we;af;a fld;ek o@jevs wjldYhla mqrd me;srS
we;af;a ljr bkaos%ldjla o@
hqI
rsla;lfha
3
wkajSlaIfhka iEu Ydl ffi,hl rsla;lh ksrslaIKh l< yelso@ tjekas
ffi,hl rsla;lfha wka;¾.; jsh hq;af;a fudkjdo@
fkdyelsh'
wekaf;dihkska
jeks jraKl
4ffi,hl
m%d:usl ns;a;sh ljr .=Kdx. fmkajhs o@
m%;Hia:hs'
mdr.uHhs'
5
ffi,h ;=, c, jsyjh wvq jSug fya;=jk isoaOska fudkjd o@
hqI
rsla;lfha idkao%Kh wvq jSu'
ffi,h
;=,g c,h we;=,q jSu'
6
wdi%e; c,hg fujeks ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, jsNj fjkig wkqj idfmalaIj c,
wKq p,kh
jsu
l=uk osYdjlg isoq jsh yels o@
ffi,h
;=,g
7
wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla yryd isoqlrk fuu ls%hdj,sh y|qkajk ku ,shkak
wka;rdi%e;sh
8
ffi,hl we;s tjeks wdka;r mdr.uH mg, fudkjd o@ tys ,laIK ,shkak
ma,diau
mg,h
ish,q
bkaos%ld jgd we;s mg,
9
lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s c,hg fujeks ffi,hla oeuQ jsg wdi%e;sh ksid c,h
we;=¿ ljr osYdjlg o@
ffi,fha
isg msg;g
10
tjeks mrsirhl jefvk Ydl j,g c,h we;=¿ jkafka l=ula yryd o@
11
wjfYdaIKh lrk c, m%udKh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u; o@
12
uQ, flaY ffi, ;=, c, jsNjh yd mdxY= c,fha c, jsNjh w;r mj;sk c,
jsNj fjki jevsjk jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@
13
lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s Ydl fus i|yd ljr wkqj¾;k fmkajhs o@
c,
jsNj fjki jevs lr f.k we;
14
rsla;lh ;=,g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha uq,skau we;sjk fjkia jSu
l=ula o@
rsla;lfha
mrsudj jevs jSu
15
hqI rsla;lfha o%djH jS we;s
,jK ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula isoq
fjhs o@
wvq
fjhs' iDK w.hla we;s fjhs'
o%djH
idkao%Kh ksid wvq jk c, jsNj w.h y|qkajk ku l=ula o@
o%djH
jsNjh
16
ffi,fha mrsudj jevsjk jsg ffi, ns;a;sh u; iam¾Y jkafka l=ula o@
ma,diau
mg,h
17
tysoS ffi, ns;a;sh u; ma,diau mg,fhka we;s
lrk msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@
Y=k;d
mSvkh $TP
18
tjsg ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk m%;Hia: n,mEu l=ula o@ tu msvkh
y|qkajk ku l=ula o@
ffi,
ns;a;sfhka m%dla ma,diagh fj;g thg iudk m%;sjsreoaO n,hla we;s lsrSu
WP
/ns;=
mSvkh
19
ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk msvkh ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@
w.h
jevs fjhs'
20
msvkh fya;=fldg f.k c, jsNjfha we;sjk fjkia jSu y|qkajk ku ,shkak
mSvk
jsNjh $ ψp
21
fus wkqj ffi,hla ;=,g c,h we;=¿jSfus yelshdj ψcell
w.h ljr jsNj w.hhka u;
r|d mj;S o@
ψP
+
ψs
u;
22
hus wjia:djloS ffi,h ;=,g c,h we;=¿jsu wekysgshs tu wjia:dfjs mj;sk
ffi,h y|qkajk ku ,shkak tysoS
,efnk w.h lSho@
Y=kHhs'
$0
23
tjsg
ψP
yd ψs
w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@
ψcell=
ψP +
ψs
24
o%djH
jsNjh jevs idkao%
o%djKhlg Y+k ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, .uk ljr osYdjlg isoq fjhs o@ tu
ld¾hdj,sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@
ffi,
;=, isg msg;g
wka;rdi%e;sh
25
rsla;lfhka bj;g c,h we;=¿ jk
jsg ffi,fha we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@
ffi,fha
mrsudj wvq jSu
26
ffi, ns;a;sfhka ma,diau mg,h wE;ajSu wdrusN lrk wjia:dj ljr kulska
y|qkajhs o@
wdrusNl
jsY=k;dj
27
tu wjia:dfjs w.h
0 jkafka l=ul o@
ψP
28
tysoS ffi,fha c, jsNjh iudk jkafka l=ulg o@
ψcell
=
ψs
o%djKhl
fu!,sl;dj okakd jsg j.=jla u.ska tys c, jsNjh
yd o%djH jsNjh fidhd .; yelsh’
29
hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjhg iudk c, jsNjhla iys; o%djKhlg ffi,hla fhoQ
jsg c, mrsudj fjkia fjhs o
mrsudj
fjkia fkdfjs'
30
tjeks o%djK y|qkajk ku ,shkak
iudNsidrl
o%djKh
31
fuu w.hg jvd iq¿ fyda idkao%K jevs lsrSula o%djKfha we;s l< jsg
l=ula isoqfjhs o@
ndysrdi%e;sh
wrUhs'
32
iuyr ffi,j, fuu wjia:dj m%dfhda.slj ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh ta l=ula
ksid o@ WodyrK fokak
hqI
rsla;lfha oshjQ wekaf;dihkSka j¾Klh
we;sjsg ffi, ns;a;sfhka th wE;sjSu ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh'
33
fujeks mglhla iSks o%djKhlg oud wkajSlaIhlska mrSlaId l< fyd;a
l=ula ksrslaIKh lsrSug yels fjhs o@
jsY=k
ffi, fukau Y=k ffi, olakg ,enSu'
34
thg fya;=j ,shkak'
tla
tla ffi,fha hqI rsla;lfha o%djH jsNj iudk fkdjSu'
35
frdaysfhda wmsp¾u ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSfus oS u;=jk m%dfhda.sl .eg¿j
l=ula o@
mglhl
we;s ffi,j, c,jsNj w.hka iudk fkdjSu'
tla
ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSug wiSre fjhs tu ksid mglfha udOHkH c,jsNjh fijsu
isoq lrhs
mglfha
udOHkH c,jsNj w.h f,i ,nd .kafka l=ula o@
mglfha
we;s ffi,j,ska ishhg mkyla jsY=k;djh fmkajk wod, iSks o%djKfha c,
jsNjh
fidhd
.ekSfuka
jsY=k;d
m%;sY; w.h 50la jk mglh wh;a o%djKfha fu!,sl;djh fidhd j.=jla
wOdrfhka tu o%djKfha c, jsNjh fidhd .eksu
37
jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s iqlafrdaia o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq l<
hq;af;a l=ula o@
frdaysfhd
hgsa wmsp¾uSh
isjs .,jd tla tla o%djKhg fhoSu'
38
jskdvs 20 ld,hla iu;=,s; jSug ;enSfuka miq l=ula l< hq;= o@
wKajSlaI
o¾YK m:hg wh;a jk uq,q ffi, .Kk;a
jsY=k ffi, .Kk;a fidhd .ekSu'
39
jsY+k;d m%;sY;h fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej 50%
la jsY+k ;d m%;sY;h fidhd .kafka flfia o@
jsY=k
ffi, .Kk « 100
uq,q
ffi, .Kk
40
.y, Colocasia fyda
ynr, Alocasia
jDka;hla isria w;g jsIalusNh $iuus;sl wlaIh Tiafia m,d ,efnk 4cm
fldgila jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ;nkak
ljr
fjkia jsula Tng ksrslaIKh l< yels o@
jl%;djla
we;sjSu
41
W;a;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@ wj;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@
uDoq
ia;r ffi, --W;a;, mDIaGh
wmsp¾uh
----wj;, mDIaGh
jl%;djhg
fya;=j ,shkak
wmsp¾u
ffi,j, g idfmalaIj ndysl ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu $os. jevsjSu
ffi,j,
mrsudj jevsjsu g ljr isoqjSula fya;= fjhs o@
wmsp¾uhg
iuSm ffi, j,g jvd W;a;, mDIaGfha ffi, j,ska c,h bj;ajSu ksid ffi, c,
jsNj w.h jevs fjhs' hdno ffi, j,ska c,h Wrd .ekSu ksid mrsudj
jevsfjhs'
43
fuu c, .ukh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@
wdi%e;sh
jsirKh
44
l=uk m%foaYfha ffi,j, c,jsNjh wvq fjhs o@ thg fya;=j ,shkak
45
wmsp¾ufha
c,h jdIamjSfus is>%;dj wvq wehs@
tys
msg; mDIaGfha mj;sk bgs Wpsp¾uh;a
wmsp¾u ffi,j, ns;a;sfha lshqgSka
mej;Su;a ksid
tu
ffi, c,hg wmdr.uH fjhs'
46
fujeks ynr, ms;s fldgil jl%;dj fjkia fjhs o hkak fidhd .eksug
m%:ufhka l< hq;af;a l=ula o@
o%djKh
;=, usks;a;= 30 iu;=,s; jQ miq kej; yevh igyka lsrSu'
47
fojkqj fidhd .; hq;af;a l=ula o@
jl%
mdIaGfha uOH ,laIh fijSu' kQ,la Ndjs;fhka
48
jl% mDIaGfha uOH ,laIh fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej Tn l+ula l< hq;+
fjhs o@
uOH
,laIh;a wmsp¾ufha
odrh fl<jr;a hd lr ta w;r fldaKh uekSu'
49
lsishus o%djKhl c, jsNjh ffi,fha c,jsNjhg iudk fjhs kus Tn l=ula
wfmalaId lrkafka o@
jl%;djfha
fjkila fkdjSu'
50
fujeks mrslaIKhloS o%djKh f,i l=ula Ndjs; l< yels o@
iqlafrdaia
o%djKh
51
jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq lrkafka ljrla o@
lvodishla
u; ;nd wdrusNl yevh igyka l<
ynr, ms;s fldgi o%djK j,g fhoSu'
52
mdGdxl f,i l=ula ,nd .; hq;= o@
o%djKhg
fhoSug fmr yd miq jl%;d fjki
53
ks.uk ,nd .eksug kus l=ula l< hq;= o@
o%djKfha
idkao%Kh yd jl%;d fjki w;r m%ia;drhla we|Su'
,efnk
f¾Ldj X
wlaIh fPokh lrk ia:dkfha o%djKhg wh;a fu!,sl;dj fijsu yd j.=jla u.ska
c, jsNjh fijSu
55
mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd jevs c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg
ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@
jl%;dj
wvq jSu'
56
mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd wvq c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg
ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@ ta wehs@
Wmrs
wNsidrl o%djK j,oS ynr, ms;s j, jl%;dj jevs jSu
57
c,h bj;a jsu isoqjkafka s
jkafka wehs@
lergs
j, wdydr ixps; lrk ,o uqoqka uqf,a mgl fyda w¾;dm,a wdlkao mgl j,
c, jsNjh fijsug fuu l%uh fhdod .kshs tfy;a ta i|yd fhdod .kakd
w¾;dm,a is,skavr $ ;Sre j, ljr fjkia jsula ta i|yd Ndjs; l< yels
o@
;Sre
j, os. uekSu fyda ialkaOh uekSu
58
tu ;sre j, os. jevs jkafka wehs@
ffi,
j, mrsudj jevs jk jsg
59
ta i|yd ffi, ;=, mj;sk c, jsNj
w.h l=ula jsh hq;= o@
wvq
jsh hq;=h'
60
mglfha c, jsNjhg iudk c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g w¾;dm,a is,skavr fhoQ
jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@
osf.ys
fjkila we;s fkdfjhs'