Human skull ans

1 ñksia iels,af,a m%Odk fldgia fol i|yka lrkak'

                   1  wdlaIl iels,a,      2 .d;%d iels,a,

2 my; oelafjk tajd we;=<;a jkafka ljr fldgigo@

 ysia ln,     wdlaIl iels,a,

 lfYarej     wdlaIl iels,a,

 m¾Y=         wdlaIl iels,a,

 .d;%d          .d;%d iels,a,

 fusL,d        .d;%d iels,a,

 Wr ;,h      .d;%d iels,a,

3 ysia lnf,a  m%Odk ld¾hhka ,shkak

fud<h wdjrKh yd wdrlaIdj ie,isu

wlaIs  $ wd>%dK wjhj $ueo lK yd we;=,q lKg wdrlaIdj ie,iSu

4'   ysia lnf,a meyeos,sj yoqkd.; yels m%foaY fol kus lrkak

                          1  lmd,h     2  jla;% 

5'   tla tla fldgfia wia:s lShla ne.ska ;sfns o@

                          lmd,h  8    jla;% 14   

6'  lmd,h idok tla tla wia:sfha msysgSu ,shkak

,,dgdia:sh  ----W;a;r mQ¾j

 lS,dia:sh  --------wOr uOH

Pso%ia:sh ---- lmd,h m;af,a

md¾Yaj lmd,  wia:sh ----lsrsgl iSjkshg msgq miska

wmr lmd,  wia:sh ---- wmrj md¾Yaj lmd,  wia:shg msgqmiska

YxLl wia:sh ----md¾Yajsl f,i

7 hq. jl%h iEoS we;af;a flfiao@

hq.dia:sfha YxLl m%irh YxLl wia:sfha hq. m%irh iu. iusnkaO jSfuka

8  hgsykqj iusnkaO jkafka ysia lnf,a l=uk ia:dkhg o@

   hq.  jl%fha wmrj yd wOrj we;s YxLl wfOdaykql ikaOshg

9 hgsykqj olajk p,k fudkjd o@

isria p,k –---- lg werSfus oS

;sria  p,k ---jslSfus oS

ysia lnf,a nyq,j m%ir olakg ,efnkafka ljr fldgfia o@

wOr mDIaGfha

10 '   my; ioyka m%ir j, lD;Hh ,shkak

      wmr lmd, ikaOdk w.%   wegs,ia lfYareldj iu. ikaOdkh $ ysia ln, lfYarej                             u; iu;=,s;j mj;ajd .ekSu$ ysi bosrshg keuSu p,kh

       uydPso%h      -----      iqIquskdj ioyd wjldY ie,iSu

      lS,dN m%irh    ---   fmaYs ksfjsYkhg

      pqpqldldr m%irh ---- lKg msgq miska we;s fn,af,a fmaYs ksfjsYkh

      hq. jl%h    -----       ykqfjs fmaYs ksfjsYkh

         ;=Kavdldr m%irh ---- hgs ykqfjs fmaYs yd nkaOkS ijsjSug

11  oajs;Shl ;,a, iEoS we;af;a ljr wia:s j,ska o@ tys ld¾hh ,shkak

W!¾Osj ykql wia:sh

;d,j wia:sh

kdia l=gSrh uqL l=yrfhka fjka lsrSu

12 '   rkao% f,i yoqkajkafka l=ula o@ m%Odk rkao% ioyka lrkak'tajd jeiS hdug                                 fldmuK l,la .; fjhs o@

           Wmf;aoS lmd,fha we;s uDoq mg,uh m%foaY

           1'  mQ¾j rkao%h – udi 8              2'    wmr rkao%h  udi 3                 

13 '   fldagrl hkq fudkjd o@  tajd olakg ,efnk wia:s j, ku ,shkak

         

         mlaIuOr wmspSPohlska wdia;rKh jQ jd;fhka msreKq wjldY

         ,,dgdia:sh  $lS,dia:sh  $Pso%ia:sh  $W¾OSjykql wia:sh

14 '   fldagrl j, ld¾hh ,shkak

        lgyv wkqkdo jSu $ lmd,fha nr wvq jSu

       

15'   iSjks f,i yoqkajkafka l=ula o@ tys jeo.;alu ,shkak

         ysia lnf,a we;s p,kh l< fkdyels ikAOs

        ore m%iQ;sfha oS lmd,hg iaj,am f,i yels,Sug bv  i,ihs'

 

    

Water potential ans

tallh 6

mrsjykh

1 tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a iaa:dkhlg c, wKq mrsjykh jkafka l=ula ksid o@

tu wKqj, mj;sk pd,l Yla;sh ksid

2 .x.d c,h yd wdi%e; c,h w;frka Wmrsu pd,l Yla;shla we;af;a oS we;s o%djK j,ska ljrl o@

wvq pd,l Yla;shg fya;=j ,shkak

wdi%e; c,h

o%%djH whk iu. c, wKq idok wka;¾ wKql n, ksid c, wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh wvq jSu

3 c, wKq j, iuia; pd,l Yla;sh fya;=fjka tu wKq j,g ld¾hh lsrsfus yelshdj $Odrs;dj ljr w.hlska uek.; yels o@

c, jsNjh

4 c, jsNjh jevslr .; yels l%uhla ,shkak

msvkh jevslsrSfuka

WIaK;ajh jevs lsrSfuka

5 frdaysfhda wmsp¾uSh isjs lsishus idkao%Khla we;s o%djKhlg fhdod wkajslaIfhka ksrslaIKh l<fyd;a Tn oelSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk ksrslaIK ,shkak

iuyr ffi, Y+k f,i mej;Su

iuyr ffi, jsY+k f,i mej;Su

6 tys hus ffi,hla jsY+k nj Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

frdai $ous j¾Kh jHma; jsu taldldrS fkdjSu $ma,diau mg,h ffi, ns;a;sfhka wE;ajS ;snSu j¾Kl jHma;sh wkqj fidhd.; yelsh

7 ffi,hla jsY+k jkafka wehs@

ffi,fhka msg;g c,h .uka lsrSu ksid $ndysrdi%e;sh ksid

8 tys c, jsNjh jevs ia:dkh l=ula o@

iSsks o%djKfha

9 ma,diau mg,h yd rsla;l mg,h wdka;r mdr.uH $ jrK mdr.uH njla fmkajhs kus fuu isoqjSu ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

ndysrdi%e;sh

10 ish¿u ffi, taldldrs fjkila fkdfmkajkafka wehs@

tla tla ffi,fha hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjhka w.hhka wiudk ksid

1 c,h ;=, p,kh jk wKq we; tys wvx.= Yla;sh ljr kulska ye|skafjhs o@

pd,l Yla;sh

2 c,h r;a lrk jsg wKqj, fjs.hg l=ula isoq fjhs o@ tys m%;sM,h l=ula o@

pd,l Yla;sh jevsjsu

ld¾hh lsrsfus yelshdj jevs jSu

3 mssrsisoq c, Ndckhl ^wdi%e; c,h & c, wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh Wmrsu fjhs tfy;a ,qKq o%jKh r;al< jsg tys ;dmdxlh jevsfjhs $ c, wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh wvq fjhs 'ta l=ula ksido@

m%n, wka;ra wKql n, yg .ekSu ksid c, wKq j, pd,l Yla;sh wvq jsu

iuia; c, wKq j, pd,l Yla;sh fhdod .ksuska ld¾hhla isoql< yelsh' c,jsNj;dj f,i y|qkajkafka th ueksh yels Odrs;djls'

4 c, jsNj;dj jevs w.hla .kafka ljr o%djKhl o@

wdi%e; c,fha

5 c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkhl yd c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh kus lrkak

c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkhl ----- wdi%e; c,h

c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh -----nSchl we;s ffi,

6 i;aj ffi,hla wdi%e; c,hg fhoQ jsg c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkh yd c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh kus lrkak

c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkh ----- wdi%e; c,h

c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh ----- i;aj ffi,

7 i;aj ffi,hla c,hg fhoQ jsg c, .uk isoqjkafka ljr osYdjg o@ wjidkfha l=ula isoqfjhs o@

ffi,h ;=,g

8 wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla yryd isoqjk c,h .uka lsrsu y|qkajk ku ,shkak'

wdi%e;sh

9 wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla fjkqjg ffi, ns;a;shla mej;=ks kus th yryd isoqjk c,h .uka lsrsu y|qkajk ku ,shkak

jsirKh

ialkaO m%jdyh

10 c, jsNjh jevs ia:dkhl isg c, jsNjh wvq ia:dkhla olajd c,h .uka lsrSu iEu jsgu isoqfjhs kus pd,l Yla;sh fjkia l< yels$ c, jsNj;dj fjkia l< yels l%u my; ksrslaIk w;frka f;darkak WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSu u.ska $ mSvkh u.ska $ idkao%Kh fjkia lsrSu $c,ldus o%jH mej;Su

1 r;a lrk jsg c,h jdIamslrKh jevsjSu ------- WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSu u.ska

11 tkak;a lsrsfuaoS isrskac Ndjs; lrhs -----mSvkh fjkia lsrSu u.ska

111 jsh<s nSc fmÕjSu i|yd c,h jssYd, mrsudjla fhoSug isoq fjhs ------c,lduS o%jH mej;Su

1 v jsh<s usos c,hg oeuQ jsg mrsudj jevsfjhs---------c,ldus o%jH mej;Su

iSks o%djKh 0.2M 0.1M wdi%e; c,h

c, jsNjh lsf,da meial,a -540 -260 0

11 Wmrsu c, jsNj w.h ψ / psi we;af;a l=ul o@tys w.h lSh o@

wdi%e; c,fha

0

12 o%djH m%udKh jevsjk jsg l=ula isoqfjhso@

c, jsNjh wvqfjhs'

13 0.2M o%djKfha idkao%Kh fya;= fldg f.k c,jsNjh fldmuK m%udKhlska wvqjs ;sfns o@

lsf,da meial,a 280

14 o%djKhl idkao%Kh fya;= fldg f.k c,jsNj fjkiajk m%udKh o%djH jsNjh kus fjhs 0.1M o%djKfha tu w.h lsho@

lsf,da meial,a 260

15 isrskachlg wdi%e; c,h fhdod msiagkh ;o l<jsg c,jsNjhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

jevsfjhs'

16 c,lduS o%jH f,i .efkkafka ta.d¾ fm%dagsk jeks o%jHhkah ksmdkh f,i ye|skafjkafka tjeks ixfhda. u.ska isoqlrk c,h wOsfYdaIkh jSu ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula fjhs o@

jevsfjhs'

17 .=re;ajh fyda msvkh ksid c,h p,kh jsu ialkaO m%jdyh kus fjhs tjeks wjia:djlg WodyrK ,shkak wxl 10 wjia:do Ndjs; l< yelsh

.x.djl c,h .,d hdu

1 Ydl ffi,hl ffi, ma,diaufha wka;¾.;h ,shkak

fm%dagSk $c,h $

2 Ydl ffi,hl c,fha o%djH M, we;af;a fld;ek o@jevs wjldYhla mqrd me;srS we;af;a ljr bkaos%ldjla o@

hqI rsla;lfha

3 wkajSlaIfhka iEu Ydl ffi,hl rsla;lh ksrslaIKh l< yelso@ tjekas ffi,hl rsla;lfha wka;¾.; jsh hq;af;a fudkjdo@

fkdyelsh'

wekaf;dihkska jeks jraKl

4ffi,hl m%d:usl ns;a;sh ljr .=Kdx. fmkajhs o@

m%;Hia:hs'

mdr.uHhs'

5 ffi,h ;=, c, jsyjh wvq jSug fya;=jk isoaOska fudkjd o@

hqI rsla;lfha idkao%Kh wvq jSu'

ffi,h ;=,g c,h we;=,q jSu'

6 wdi%e; c,hg fujeks ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, jsNj fjkig wkqj idfmalaIj c, wKq p,kh

jsu l=uk osYdjlg isoq jsh yels o@

ffi,h ;=,g

7 wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla yryd isoqlrk fuu ls%hdj,sh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

wka;rdi%e;sh

8 ffi,hl we;s tjeks wdka;r mdr.uH mg, fudkjd o@ tys ,laIK ,shkak

ma,diau mg,h

ish,q bkaos%ld jgd we;s mg,

9 lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s c,hg fujeks ffi,hla oeuQ jsg wdi%e;sh ksid c,h we;=¿ ljr osYdjlg o@

ffi,fha isg msg;g

10 tjeks mrsirhl jefvk Ydl j,g c,h we;=¿ jkafka l=ula yryd o@

11 wjfYdaIKh lrk c, m%udKh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u; o@

12 uQ, flaY ffi, ;=, c, jsNjh yd mdxY= c,fha c, jsNjh w;r mj;sk c, jsNj fjki jevsjk jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

13 lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s Ydl fus i|yd ljr wkqj¾;k fmkajhs o@

c, jsNj fjki jevs lr f.k we;

14 rsla;lh ;=,g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha uq,skau we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

rsla;lfha mrsudj jevs jSu

15 hqI rsla;lfha o%djH jS we;s ,jK ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

wvq fjhs' iDK w.hla we;s fjhs'

o%djH idkao%Kh ksid wvq jk c, jsNj w.h y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

o%djH jsNjh

16 ffi,fha mrsudj jevsjk jsg ffi, ns;a;sh u; iam¾Y jkafka l=ula o@

ma,diau mg,h

17 tysoS ffi, ns;a;sh u; ma,diau mg,fhka we;s lrk msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

Y=k;d mSvkh $TP

18 tjsg ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk m%;Hia: n,mEu l=ula o@ tu msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

ffi, ns;a;sfhka m%dla ma,diagh fj;g thg iudk m%;sjsreoaO n,hla we;s lsrSu

WP /ns;= mSvkh

19 ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk msvkh ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

w.h jevs fjhs'

20 msvkh fya;=fldg f.k c, jsNjfha we;sjk fjkia jSu y|qkajk ku ,shkak

mSvk jsNjh $ ψ_p

21 fus wkqj ffi,hla ;=,g c,h we;=¿jSfus yelshdj ψ_cell w.h ljr jsNj w.hhka u; r|d mj;S o@

ψ_{P +} ψ_s u;

22 hus wjia:djloS ffi,h ;=,g c,h we;=¿jsu wekysgshs tu wjia:dfjs mj;sk ffi,h y|qkajk ku ,shkak tysoS ,efnk w.h lSho@

Y=kHhs' $0

23 tjsg ψ_P yd ψ_s w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

ψ_cell= ψ_{P +} ψ_s

24 o%djH jsNjh jevs idkao% o%djKhlg Y+k ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, .uk ljr osYdjlg isoq fjhs o@ tu ld¾hdj,sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

ffi, ;=, isg msg;g

wka;rdi%e;sh

25 rsla;lfhka bj;g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

ffi,fha mrsudj wvq jSu

26 ffi, ns;a;sfhka ma,diau mg,h wE;ajSu wdrusN lrk wjia:dj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdrusNl jsY=k;dj

27 tu wjia:dfjs w.h 0 jkafka l=ul o@

_ψP

28 tysoS ffi,fha c, jsNjh iudk jkafka l=ulg o@

ψ_{cell =} ψ_s

o%djKhl fu!,sl;dj okakd jsg j.=jla u.ska tys c, jsNjh yd o%djH jsNjh fidhd .; yelsh’

29 hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjhg iudk c, jsNjhla iys; o%djKhlg ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, mrsudj fjkia fjhs o

mrsudj fjkia fkdfjs'

30 tjeks o%djK y|qkajk ku ,shkak

iudNsidrl o%djKh

31 fuu w.hg jvd iq¿ fyda idkao%K jevs lsrSula o%djKfha we;s l< jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

ndysrdi%e;sh wrUhs'

32 iuyr ffi,j, fuu wjia:dj m%dfhda.slj ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh ta l=ula ksid o@ WodyrK fokak

hqI rsla;lfha oshjQ wekaf;dihkSka j¾Klh we;sjsg ffi, ns;a;sfhka th wE;sjSu ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh'

33 fujeks mglhla iSks o%djKhlg oud wkajSlaIhlska mrSlaId l< fyd;a l=ula ksrslaIKh lsrSug yels fjhs o@

jsY=k ffi, fukau Y=k ffi, olakg ,enSu'

34 thg fya;=j ,shkak'

tla tla ffi,fha hqI rsla;lfha o%djH jsNj iudk fkdjSu'

35 frdaysfhda wmsp¾u ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSfus oS u;=jk m%dfhda.sl .eg¿j l=ula o@

mglhl we;s ffi,j, c,jsNj w.hka iudk fkdjSu'

tla ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSug wiSre fjhs tu ksid mglfha udOHkH c,jsNjh fijsu isoq lrhs

mglfha udOHkH c,jsNj w.h f,i ,nd .kafka l=ula o@

mglfha we;s ffi,j,ska ishhg mkyla jsY=k;djh fmkajk wod, iSks o%djKfha c, jsNjh

fidhd .ekSfuka

jsY=k;d m%;sY; w.h 50la jk mglh wh;a o%djKfha fu!,sl;djh fidhd j.=jla wOdrfhka tu o%djKfha c, jsNjh fidhd .eksu

37 jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s iqlafrdaia o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

frdaysfhd hgsa wmsp¾uSh isjs .,jd tla tla o%djKhg fhoSu'

38 jskdvs 20 ld,hla iu;=,s; jSug ;enSfuka miq l=ula l< hq;= o@

wKajSlaI o¾YK m:hg wh;a jk uq,q ffi, .Kk;a jsY=k ffi, .Kk;a fidhd .ekSu'

39 jsY+k;d m%;sY;h fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej 50% la jsY+k ;d m%;sY;h fidhd .kafka flfia o@

jsY=k ffi, .Kk « 100

uq,q ffi, .Kk

40 .y, Colocasia fyda ynr, Alocasia jDka;hla isria w;g jsIalusNh $iuus;sl wlaIh Tiafia m,d ,efnk 4cm fldgila jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ;nkak

ljr fjkia jsula Tng ksrslaIKh l< yels o@

jl%;djla we;sjSu

41 W;a;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@ wj;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@

uDoq ia;r ffi, --W;a;, mDIaGh

wmsp¾uh ----wj;, mDIaGh

jl%;djhg fya;=j ,shkak

wmsp¾u ffi,j, g idfmalaIj ndysl ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu $os. jevsjSu

ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu g ljr isoqjSula fya;= fjhs o@

wmsp¾uhg iuSm ffi, j,g jvd W;a;, mDIaGfha ffi, j,ska c,h bj;ajSu ksid ffi, c, jsNj w.h jevs fjhs' hdno ffi, j,ska c,h Wrd .ekSu ksid mrsudj jevsfjhs'

43 fuu c, .ukh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdi%e;sh

jsirKh

44 l=uk m%foaYfha ffi,j, c,jsNjh wvq fjhs o@ thg fya;=j ,shkak

45 wmsp¾ufha c,h jdIamjSfus is>%;dj wvq wehs@

tys msg; mDIaGfha mj;sk bgs Wpsp¾uh;a wmsp¾u ffi,j, ns;a;sfha lshqgSka mej;Su;a ksid

tu ffi, c,hg wmdr.uH fjhs'

46 fujeks ynr, ms;s fldgil jl%;dj fjkia fjhs o hkak fidhd .eksug m%:ufhka l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

o%djKh ;=, usks;a;= 30 iu;=,s; jQ miq kej; yevh igyka lsrSu'

47 fojkqj fidhd .; hq;af;a l=ula o@

jl% mdIaGfha uOH ,laIh fijSu' kQ,la Ndjs;fhka

48 jl% mDIaGfha uOH ,laIh fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej Tn l+ula l< hq;+ fjhs o@

uOH ,laIh;a wmsp¾ufha odrh fl<jr;a hd lr ta w;r fldaKh uekSu'

49 lsishus o%djKhl c, jsNjh ffi,fha c,jsNjhg iudk fjhs kus Tn l=ula wfmalaId lrkafka o@

jl%;djfha fjkila fkdjSu'

50 fujeks mrslaIKhloS o%djKh f,i l=ula Ndjs; l< yels o@

iqlafrdaia o%djKh

51 jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq lrkafka ljrla o@

lvodishla u; ;nd wdrusNl yevh igyka l< ynr, ms;s fldgi o%djK j,g fhoSu'

52 mdGdxl f,i l=ula ,nd .; hq;= o@

o%djKhg fhoSug fmr yd miq jl%;d fjki

53 ks.uk ,nd .eksug kus l=ula l< hq;= o@

o%djKfha idkao%Kh yd jl%;d fjki w;r m%ia;drhla we|Su'

,efnk f¾Ldj X wlaIh fPokh lrk ia:dkfha o%djKhg wh;a fu!,sl;dj fijsu yd j.=jla u.ska c, jsNjh fijSu

55 mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd jevs c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

jl%;dj wvq jSu'

56 mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd wvq c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@ ta wehs@

Wmrs wNsidrl o%djK j,oS ynr, ms;s j, jl%;dj jevs jSu

57 c,h bj;a jsu isoqjkafka s jkafka wehs@

lergs j, wdydr ixps; lrk ,o uqoqka uqf,a mgl fyda w¾;dm,a wdlkao mgl j, c, jsNjh fijsug fuu l%uh fhdod .kshs tfy;a ta i|yd fhdod .kakd w¾;dm,a is,skavr $ ;Sre j, ljr fjkia jsula ta i|yd Ndjs; l< yels o@

;Sre j, os. uekSu fyda ialkaOh uekSu

58 tu ;sre j, os. jevs jkafka wehs@

ffi, j, mrsudj jevs jk jsg

59 ta i|yd ffi, ;=, mj;sk c, jsNj w.h l=ula jsh hq;= o@

wvq jsh hq;=h'

60 mglfha c, jsNjhg iudk c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g w¾;dm,a is,skavr fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

osf.ys fjkila we;s fkdfjhs'

Bone Tissue

1 fuu mglh u.ska bgqlrk lD;Hhka ,shkak

ikaOdrKh

wdrlaIdj

p,kh

le,aishus .nvd lsrSu yd ksoyia lsrSu

reOsr ffi, ksIamdokh

2 tla tla lD;Hh bgq lsrSug yelshdj ,enS we;af;a tys mj;sk jsfYaI .=Kdx. ksidh

iqoqiq .=Kdx. .,mkak

wd;;s n,j,g yd iusmSvk j,g m%;sfrdaOS jSu -- ikaOdrKh

fydafudak W;af;ackfhka ls%hd;aul jk ffi, mej;su --- le,aishus .nvd lsrSu yd ksoyia lsrSu

foayfha yevh mj;ajd .ekSu --- ikaOdrKh

fmaYs ijsjSug Wps; oevs nj --- p,kh

fmaYs u.ska fufyhjk ,Sjr iels,s ;snSu---- p,kh

weg usoq,q j, jsNdcl ffi, mej;Su --- reOsr ffi, ksIamdokh

3 kshu iusnkaOl mglhg idfmalaIj mQrlfha mj;sk fjki ,shkak

kshu iusnkaOl mglh -----fc,s jeks $w¾O >k

lxld, mglh ----- oevs le,aishus yhsfv%dlais fmdiafmags iys; mQrlh $ kuHYS,S mQrlh mej;Su

4 ldgsf,ac j, mQrlfha wka;¾.; jkafka fudkjd o@

fldkavs%ka fm%dagSkh

5 th i%djh lrk ffi, fudkjdo@

ldgsf,ac ldrl ffi, $fldkafv%d ffig

6 .¾;sld ;=, we;=,;a jkafka fudkjd o@

ldgsf,ac ldrl ffi, 1-4 olajd ffi, mej;Su

7 ldgsf,acdjrKh msysgSu ,shkak tys wvx.= mglh l=ula o@

ldgsf,achg msg;ska

iqoq ;ka;= mglh

8 kshu iusnkaOl mglhg idfmalaIj fuys mj;sk lD;Huh fjkila ,shkak

mQrlh l=, reOsr jdyskS fkdmej;Su ksid ld¾hlaIu f,i fuh l=,g mrsjykh isoqfkdfjhs

ldgsf,acdjrKh fj;g meusfKk reOsr jdyskS u.ska f.k tk fmdaO o%jH jsirKh Tiafia  

mQrlh fj;g ,Õd fjhs

9 kshu iusnkaOl mglhg idfmalaIj fuys mj;sk jHqyuh iudklula ,shkak

tys wvx.= ffi, u.ska mQrlh i%djh lsrSu

mQrlfha ;ka;= mej;Su

10 mQrlfha iqoq ;ka;= iys; ldgsf,achla y|qkajkak

mdroDYH ldgsf,ach

11 tajd msysgk ia:dkhka ,shkak

Yajdikd,$ Wfrdaia:sh$ m¾Y= fl<jr $wia:s 2ka w;r

12 ldgsf,achlg m%;Hia: nj ,enS we;af;a l=ula ksid o@ tys ku l=ulao@ msysgk ia:dk ,shkak

ly ;ka;= mej;Su ksid

m%;Hia: ldgsf,ach

lka fm;s $ kdih fl<jr $wmscsyajsldj

13 mQrlfha iqoq ;ka;= nyq,j we;s ldgsf,achla y|qkajkak

iqoq ;ka;= ldgsf,ach

14 tajd msysgk ia:dkhka ,shkak

wka;¾ lfYarel uv, $ hQksl wia:s fhda.h

15 wia:s j, mQrlfha wka;¾.; jkafka fudkjd o@

ushqdldfmd,sielrhsv $le,aishus yhsf,v%dlais fmdiafmags

16 th i%djh lrk ffi, fudkjdo@

wia:s ldrl ffi, $Tiagsfhdaffig

17 tajd we;=,;a jkafka l=ula ;=,o@ tys mj;sk ffi, .Kk lSh o@

.¾;sld ;=,

ffi, 1

18 wia:HdjrKh msysgSu ,shkak tys wvx.= mglh l=ula o@

wia:sahg msg;ska

iqoq ;ka;= mglh

19 wkajSlaIfhka fmfkk yrialvl tal flakaoS%h j,hka ;=, mj;skafka l=ula o@ tla tallhla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wia:s ldrl ffi, $Tiagsfhdaffig

yejiSh moaO;sh

20 fuu ffi,j, mj;sk jHqyuh fjkialula ,shkak

ma,diau mg,fha ishqus fkrsus $ m%ir mej;Su

21 reOsr flaYkd,sld ljr ia:dkhlaq fj; ,Õd fjhs o@

yejiSh moaO;sh uOHfha msysgs yejiSh kd,h fj;g

22 yejiSh kd,h ;=, wka;¾.; jkafka l=ulao@

iakdhqjla $Oukshla $Ysrdjla $jid m%kd,hla

23 mQrlfha ;ka;= mej;Su ksrSlaIKh l< yelafla flfiao@

mQrlfha le,aishus ,jK bj;a lssrSfuka miqj

fuu ffi,j, mj;sk lD;Huh fjkialus wkqj ffi, j¾. 3la y|qkd.; yelsh

24 tajd fudkjd o@

mQrlh fPokh lrk ffi,

mQrlh ksmojk ffi,

;ka;= ksmojk ffi,

25 ijsjr wia:shl ,laIKhla ,shkak tys jeo.;alu l=ula o@

wia:sfha l=vd isoqre mej;Su

wvq o%jH m%udKhlska jevs Yla;shla iemhsug yelsjSu $

26 wfkla wia:s j¾.h ,shkak tys iajNdjh l=ula o@ tys jeo.;au l=ula o@

iqixys; wia:s

l=yr rys;fjs

nr ord isgSfus yelshdj mej;Su

27 jsNdcl ffi, wvx.= jkafka ljr ia:dkhl o@

wegusoq,qj,

28 wia:sffjj¾h frda.S ;;ajh we;sjkafka wehs tys ,laIK ,shkak

fydafudak wiu;=,s;;dj

29 wia:s mglh laIh jSu ksid tys Yla;su;a nj wvqjS hhs wia:s ns|S hdu isoqfjhs

30 tysoS ls%hd;aul jk ffi, j¾.h l=ula o@

Tiagsfhda la,diag

31 wia:s m¾jodyh ksid isoqjkafka l=ula o@

ikaOsj, we;s ikaOdk ldgsf,ac l%ufhka ;=kSjS laIhjS hdu ksid p,kfhaoS fjsokdj we;s fjhs

mdroDYH ldgsf,ach

32 tajd msysgk ia:dkhka ,shkak

Yajdikd,$ Wfrdaia:sh$ m¾Y= fl<jr $wia:s 2ka w;r

33 ldgsf,achlg m%;Hia: nj ,enS we;af;a l=ula ksid o@ tys ku l=ulao@ msysgk ia:dk ,shkak

ly ;ka;= mej;Su ksid

m%;Hia: ldgsf,ach

lka fm;s $ kdih fl<jr $wmscsyajsldj

34 mQrlfha iqoq ;ka;= nyq,j we;s ldgsf,achla y|qkajkak

iqoq ;ka;= ldgsf,ach

35 tajd msysgk ia:dkhka ,shkak

wka;¾ lfYarel uv, $ hQksl wia:s fhda.h

tys wvx.= ffi, u.ska mQrlh i%djh lsrSu

Chordata ans

1 o¾YSh fldavdgdjl=f.a iakdhq moaO;sh msysgd we;af;a ljr jHqyhlg mDIaGSh f,i o@

wdydr ud¾.hg

2 o¾YSh fldavdgdjl=f.a iakdhq moaO;sh ljr wdldr o@

l=yruh kd,dldr fjs

3 o¾YSh fldavdgdjl=f.a iakdhq moaO;shg mDIaGSh f,i msysgkafka ljrla o@

mDIaG rcacqj

4 .%iksl m%foaYfha jsfYaI;ajh ,shkak

.%iksl me¿us ;snSu $c,laf,dau ;snsu

5 rEm igyfka wmrj msysgd we;af;a l=ula o@

mYap $wmr .=o j,s.hhs

6 yDofha msysgSu ,shkak

wdydr ud¾.hg WorSh f,i

fudardf.a yd wia:sl u;aiH kus l< rEm igyk Ndjs; lruska lreKq bosrsm;a lrkak

jsoHd.dr kso¾Yl Ndjs; lrkak

1 uqLfha msysgSu WorSh -- fudard

uqLfha msysgSu w.%ia: --- wia:sl u;aiH

2 c,laf,dau msg;g jsjD; jsu ;ks jsjr --- wia:sl u;aiH

c,laf,dau msg;g jsjD; jsu fjka fjka jsjr f,i jsjD; jsu --fudard

3 foayh wdjrKh jsu jl%dldr fldrfmd;= --- wia:sl u;aiH

foayh wdjrKh jsu r¿ fldr, --fudard

4 jr,a odrfha msg;g fkrk LKaGl we; --- wia:sl u;aiH $ ke;-- fudard

5 wia:suh msOdkhla we; ---- wia:sl u;aiH

wia:suh msOdkhla ke; ---- --fudard

6 fm!psP jr, wiuus;sl ^jsIudxYmqpsP& ---- fudard

fm!psP jr, iuus;sl iudxY mqpsP ---- wia:sl u;aiH

7 wNHka;r iels,a, ldgsf,acuh $ wia:suh fjs --- wia:sl u;aiH

8 mDIaGSh uOH jf,i msysgk jr, ;ks tallhla --- wia:sl u;aiH $ tall folla f,i we; ^mQ¾j mDIaGSh jr,$ wmr mDIaGSh jr, f,i&

9 ,h jr, yd fY%daKs jr,a hq.,hla we; wia:sl u;aiH

f.usnd iy lgqiaidf.a kso¾Yl yd ,n dos we;s rEm igyka ksrslaIKh lrkak

1 foayh ysi yd l| f,i fldgia 2 la ;snsu ---- f.usnd

foayh ysi f., yd l| f,i fldgia 2 la ;snsu ----lgqiaid

2 foayh wdjrKh jsu jsh<s fldrfmd;= ;snSu ----lgqiaid

isks|q jsI .%ka:s iys; f;;a yu --- f.usnd

3 weÕs,s 5 lska fl<jr jk .d;%d --- f.usnd $lgqiaid

mxpdx.=,sl .d;%d fkd;snSu

4 j,s.h mej;Su ----lgqiaid

j,s.h fkdmej;Su ----- f.usnd

mlaISka iy laISrmdhSkaf.a kso¾Yl yd ,nd oS we;s rEm igyka ksrslaIKh lrkak

1 wkdl+, foayhla oel.; yels cSjSka jSu ---- mlaISka $iuyr laISrmdhSka

2 ysi f., l| yd j,s.h jYfhka foayh fnoS ;snSu ---- laISrmdhSka

3 foaydjrKh msydgq fukau jsh<s fldrfmd;= ;snSu

foaydjrKh frdau ;snsu ----- laISrmdhSka

4 j,s.h msydgq iys; jSu ---- mlaISka

j,s.h msydgq iys; fkdjSu --- laISrmdhSka

5 .%ka:s iys; yula s mej;Su --- laISrmdhSka

.%ka:s rys; yula mej;Su --- mlaISka

fldafvsgd jxYh fha ,laIK .fjsYKh lsrSu

fuu ,laIK Wojq lr .ksuska iy jsia;r m;s%ld weiqrska fldavdgd j¾.j,g wh;a ,laIK f.dvk.kak

1 fuu jxYfha i;=ka csj;ajSu i|yd yev.eiS we;s mrsir fudkjd o@

usrsosh$ lrosh $fN!usl $ relajdiS

2 o;a j, msysgSu wkqj y|qkd.; yels wdldr j,g WodyrK fokak

iu oka;S ----lsUq,d $ fudard

l+m oka;S ---uefus,shd $ laISrmdhSka

jsIu oka;S--- laISrmdhSka

3 tla tla j¾.fha yDofha mj;sk l=gSr .Kk fldmuK o@

oajs l=gSruh --fudard $ wia:sl u;aiH

l=gSr 4la iys; --- lsUq,d $ laISrmdhSka

l=gSr ;=kla iys; --- f.usnd

4 weismsh rys; weia we;af;a ldg o@

wia:sl u;aiH $ fudard

5 ;=kajk weismsh fyj;a ksus,k mg,hla iys; jkafka ljr j¾. i|yd o@

lsUq,d $iuyr laISrmdhSka $ mlaISka

6 Yajikh i|yd fmky¿ yereKq fldg mj;sk fjk;a jHqy fudkjd o@

c,laf,dau $uqL wdia;rh $yu

7 wp,;dmSka jkafka ljqreka o2

wdfjsia yd uefus,shd

8 lmd, iakdhq hq.,a 10 la orkafka ljr j¾.hka o@

wia:sl u;aiH $fudard $ f.usnd

lmd, iakdhq hq.,a 12 la orkafka ljr j¾.hka o@

lsUq,d $ laISrmdhSka $ mlaISka

9 wNHka;r iels,a, l=ulska iusNjh fjhs o@ th ljrlska ks¾udkh fjhs o@

uOHp¾uh

wia:s fyda ldgsf,ac

10 iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .ekSfus oS;a lusmk y|qkd .ekSfus oS;a odhl jk wxY f¾Ld moaO;sh olakg ,efnkafka ljr i;=ka f.a o@ tys msysgsu ,shkak

md¾Yajsl uOH f¾Ldfjs

11 uqLfha msysgSug .e,fmk i;=ka f;dard ,shkak

w.%ia: uqLh --- wia:sl u;aiH

WorSh uqLh--- fudard $uvqjd

4 W;ama,jl;dj i|yd odhl jk jd; wdYh u.ska bgq lrk fjk;a ld;Hhla ,shkak

fmky,a,la f,i ls%hd lsrSu

5 wNHka;r c,laf,dau orkafka ljqreka o@ th wia:suh msOdkhlska wdjrK ,nk wjia:djla ,shkak

wia:sl u;aiH

6 ndysr c,laf,dau orkafka ljqreka o

WNh cSjS lSghka

7 we;=¿ lK -ueo lK -– ndysr lK jYfhka fjka jQ l=gSr 3 la we;af;a ljr j¾.hkag o@

we;=¿ lK -ueo lK -– ndysr lK ---- laISrmdhSka

we;=¿ lK -ueo lK – --- lsUq,d $ laISrmdhSka $ mlaISka

we;=¿ lK muKla iys; jkafka ---- fudard $uvqjd $ wia:sl u;aiH

8 foaydjrKfha iajNdjhg .e,fmk i;=ka we;=,;a j¾. f;darkak

msydgq iys;---- mlaISka frdau ;snsu --- laISrmdhSka

fldfrdia M,l --- lsUq,d jsh<s fldrfmd;= ;snSu --- mlaISka $lgqiaid

f;;a iys; fldrfmd;= ;snSu ---- wia:sl u;aiH r¿ fldr< --- fudard $uvqjd

f;;a .%ka:s iys; --- f.usnd f;;ukh rys; .%ka:s iys; yu ---- laISrmdhSka

9 my; oelafjk iajNdjhg .e,fmk i;=ka we;=,;a j¾. f;darkak

ndysr ixfiapkh ----- wia:sl u;aiH $ f.usnd

wNHka;r ixfiapkh---- fudard $uvqjd $ laISrmdhSka $ lgqiaid

10 ns;a;r ouk i;=ka wKavc kus fjs idok ns;a;r wNHka;rfha os mqmqrd megjqka nsys lrhs kus wKav c,dnqc kus fjs tla tla wjia:djg WodyrK fokak

wKavc--- fldkavs%la;sfhaia $ Tiagsla;sfhaia $weusmsnshd $ frmags,shd $wdfjsia

wKav c,dnqc--- fldkavs%la;sfhaia $iuyr frmags,shd

c,dnqc ---uefus,shd