Lipid ans

tallh 2 ' 132

,smsv

1 ,smsvj, wvx.+ uQ, o%jH fudkjd o@ C,H , O fyda P

2 ,smsvj, ;ekqus tAll fudkjd o@ fuso wus, - .a,sifrda,a

3 ,smsv c,jsÊfÊokh i|yd wjYH tkaihsuh l=ulao @ ,hsfmaia

4 fujeks tkaihsuhla ksiaidrKh lr.; yels ia:dkhla ,shkak m%frdayKh jk tvre nSc j,

5 ,smsv - fudfkdielrhsv– -vhsielrhsv - fmd,sielrhsv hk .e,fmk jpk fhdod ysia;eka mqrjkak

c,fha o%djHjSu fudfkdielrhsv -– vhsielrhsv

mrsjykh jk wdldrh fuso wus, - .a,sifrda,a ----- Ydl - i;aj

fudfkdielrhsv ----- i;aj –

vhsielrhsv ----- Ydl

ixps; o%jH ,smsv $ fmd,sielrhsv$fm%dagSk^Ydl&

Tlaisydrl ,laIK fudfkdielrhsv – $vhsielrhsv

6 ix;Dma; fuso yd wix;Dma; fuso w;r fjki l=ula o@ wix;Dma; fusoj, ldnka odufha oajs;aj nkaOk ;snSu

7 jsjsO ld¾hhka i|yd Ndjs; jk ixfhda. ioyka lrkak

wdrlaIdj fm%dagSk -m%;sfoay

fuso - lshqgSka $ iqfnrSka

iudfhdackh fm%dagSk $ fuso

jHqy iEoSu ,smsv $ldfndayhsvsf¾g $ fm%dagSk

mrsjykh fm%dagSk

Genetics3 and 4 ans

1'iajdëk ixrpkh fkdjk wjia:d i|yka lrkak'

m%;snoaOh

2' ta i|yd fya;= jk idOl ,shd olajkak'

ckaudKq ksmojSfusoS wj;rKh fkdjSu

ckaudKq ksmojSfusoS wj;rKh jqjo yqjudre jk j¾KfoaydxY fldgi iu. f;dard .;a we,s, hq.,hu iusfm%aYKh

3'iajdëk ixrpkh jSug kus j¾Kfoay mej;sh hq;= fyda yeisrsh hq;= wdldrh flfiao@

ckaudKq ksmojSfusoS wj;rKh jSu

f;dard.;a ,laIK hq.,hu j¾Kfoay hq., folla u; msysàu

4' fukav,af.a fojk mrSlaIKfhaoS by; .eg¨j we;sjqfha kï F1 ckaudKq ixLHdfõ ljr fjkila we;sfõhehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafkao@

Ry yd rY ckaudKq wvqfjka ,enSu

RY yd ry ckaudKq jevsfhkaa ,enSu

5. F₂ mrïmrdj i|yd th flfia n,mdhso@

ckl mrusmrdjg iudk cSjSka ixLHdj jevsjsu

m%;sixfhdaxclhka ixLHdj wvqjSu

fukav,af.a fojk kshuhg wkqj rEmdKq o¾Y wkqmd;h fkd,enSu

6'cdk is;shï .; lsÍfïoS m%;snoaOh jeo.;a jkafka wehs@

cdk is;shus .; lsrSfus oS wkqhd; we,s, w;r oqr fidhd .ekSug

7' m%;sixfhdacl m%;sY;h hkq l=ulao@

m%;sixfhdaxclhka ixLHdfjs ^ ckl mrusmrdjg fjkia & tkus usY% ,laIK ork cSjSka f.a m%;sY;hhs

8'cdk is;shula hkq l=ulao@

j¾Kfoayfha cdk msysgs ms<sfj, olajk igykls

9'we,s, 2 la w;r ÿr tall 17 kï m%;sixfhdacl m%;sY;h lShlafõo@ 8]

10'wfmalaId lrk rEmdKqo¾Y wkqmd;h i|yka lrkak'5#1#1#5

11'Mirabilis Ydlfha úIuhq.aulhska frdai meye fõ'iuhq.aulhska r;= fyda iqÿ fõ kï fudjqka ms<sn| mj;sk .eg¿j Tn yªkd.kafka ljrla f,igo@

wiusmQK m%uqL;dj

12'ncsß l=re,a,kaf.a ks,a"fld<"ly" iqÿ j¾K ork kquqyqka fm< wdldrhkah'

fld< BBYY

ks,a BByy

ly bbYY

iqÿ bbyy

fuu isÿùu fukav,af.a kshuh iuÕ tlÕ fõo@ fkdfjs'

13' fuu isÿùu Tn y÷kajk ku l=ulao@ iy m%uqL;dj

1' mS Ydlfha u,aj, j¾Kfha wdldr 2 la we;' oïu,a yd iqÿu,a oïu,a we;sùug C yd P m%uqL we,S,

mej;sh hq;=h my; oelafjk m%fõKso¾Y ljr mqIam j¾K orhso@

ous u,a iqoqu,a

CCPP ccPP

CcPP ccPp

CcPp CCpp

Ccpp Ccpp

2 l=l=<kaf.a msydgq j¾Kh i|yd ii cdkh wjYHh' iqÿ l=l=<ka CCII

oqUqre l=l=<ka CCii ,ndfohs kï ÿUqre j¾Kh we;sùug wjYH fjk;a we,s, i|yka lrkak' Ccii

3' cdk hq.,a 2 la iyfhda.Sj mej;Su ksid we;sjk fuu ,laIKh ljr kulska y÷kajhso@

wNsnjkh

4'm<;=re ueiaidg ,sx. j¾Kfoay lShla mj;shso@ ta fudkjdo@ folls’

msrsus m<;=re ueiaidg XY

.eyeKq m<;=re ueiaidg XX

5'fudjqkaf.a ljr cdk fuu j¾Kfoay u; msysghso@

weiaj, j¾Kh

6'w,sx. j¾Kfoay u; msysgk m%;snoaO ,laIK hq.,hla i|yka lrkak'

mshdm;a j, yevh yd foay j¾Kh

7'ñksidf.a ,sx. m%;snoaO ,laIK y÷kdf.k we;af;a ljr ,laIKo@

reOsr legs .eiSfu ,laIKh $ j¾K y|qkd .ekSfus ,laIKh

8'tys ks,Sk cdk mej;Su ksid we;sjk frda. iy tys ,laIK ,shkak

yssfudms,shd $ j¾K wkaO;djh

Second Mendel law ans

10 fukav,a fojk mrSlaIKh h|yd fhdod .;af;a Pea / Pisum sativum Ydlfha ljr mriamr ,laIKho@ nScj, j¾Kh ly Y fld< y

nScj, yevh rjqus R yels,qKq r

11 tys mriamr ,laIK f,i i,lkafka ljrla o@ nScj, j¾Kh ly , fld<

12 fukav,a jsiska m%uqL ,laIKh fidhd .;af;a flfia o@

m<uq mrusmrdfjs $F1 rEmdKq¾Yhhs rjqus ,laIKh yd ly ,laIKh

nScj, yevh rjqus yels,qKq

13 fukav,a kquqyqus fm< ,nd .;af;a flfia o@

oS¾> ld,hla Ydl iajmrd.Khg ,la lsrSfuka

14 hus ,laIKhla i|yd cSjshl= ;=, mj;sk wka;¾.;fha ku ljrla f,i Tyq

y|qqqqkajd oqkafkaa o@ ckl idOlh

15 kquqyqka fm< cSúfhl=f.a th mj;sk wdldrh l+ula o@ rjqus ly RRYY yels,qKq fld< rryy

16 ckaudKq idok wjia:dfõoS ckl idOl flfia yeisfrhso@

RRYY ckl idOl hq.,a foflka tlla ne.ska tla ckaudKqjlg we;+,qjSu' R yd Y fyda r yd y tla ckaudKqjlg we;+,qjSu'

17 fojk mÍlaIKfha P mrïmrdj úiska idok ,o ckaudKq ,shd olajkak' RY yd r y

18 fuu ckaudKq ixfiapkfhka iEfok F₁ cSúfhl=f.a m%fõKs o¾Yh ,shkak' RrYy

19 F₁ cSúhdf.a ckaudKq wdldr lShla idohs o@

ckaudKq wdldr ,shkak'RY yd R y yd r Y yd r y

20 F₂ mrïmrdfõ cSùkaf.a m%fõKs o¾Y ,shkak'

	RY	R y	r Y	ry
RY	R R YY rjqus ly	R R Yy rjqus ly	R r Y Y rjqus ly	RrYy rjqus ly
Ry	R RY y rjqus ly	R R y y rjqus fld<	R r Y y rjqus ly	Rryy rjqus fld<
rY	R rY Y rjqus ly	R rY y rjqus ly	r rY Y yels,qKq ly	r rYy yels,qKq ly
ry	R rY y rjqus ly	R ry y rjqus fld<	r rY y yels,qKq ly	r ryy yels,qKq fld<

R R YY 1 Rryy

RrYy 4 yd RRYy 2 yd RrYY 2 r rY y 2 r ryy 1 r rY Y 1 Rryy 1

21 F2 mrïmrdfõ cSùkaf.a m%fõKs o¾Y ,shkak' m%fõKs o¾Y

m%uqL iufhda.S TT

jsIufhda.S Tt

ks,Sk iufhda.S tt

F1 mrïmrdfõ Ry yd ry ckaudKq ksmojk m%udKh wvqùu

ksmojk Ry yd ry ckaudKq jeäùu ksid we;sjk F1 rEmdKqo¾Y wkqmd;j, fjkialï fudkjdo@

jgl=re fld<

/<s ly Ydl wvqùu

tjekakla we;sùug fya;= fudkjdo@

Wkk úNdckfha oS^m<uq úNdckh&

1 wj;rKh fkdùu

2 f;dard.;a ,laIK tlu iucd; j¾Kfoay hq., u; msysàu

Genetics 2 ans

mS Ydlfha fld< meye;s lr,a $ G ly meye;s lr,a $ g j,g m%uqL fjhs

my; m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re ,nd fokak

w tys mriamr ,laIK f,i i,lkafka ljrla o@ fld< meye;s lr,a ,laIKh yd ly meye;s lr,a ,laIKh

wd m%uqL ,laIKh fidhd .;afka flfia o@

m<uq mrusmrdfjs $F1 rEmdKq¾Yhhs

we hus ,laIKhla i|yd cSjshl= ;=, mj;sk wka;¾.;fha ku ljrla f,i Tyq

y|qqqqkajd oqkafkaa o@ ckl idOlh

b kquqyqka fm< cSúfhl=f.a th mj;sk wdldrh l+ula o@

fld< meye;s lr,a GG ly meye;s lr,a gg

B kquqyqka fm< cSúfhl ckaudKq idok wjia:dfõoS ckl idOl flfia yeisfrhso@

GG ckl idOl hq.,fhka tlla tla ckaudKqjlg we;+,qjSfuka G ckaudKq g ckaudKq o ,nd fohs

W P mrïmrdj úiska idok ,o ckaudKq ,shd olajkak' G ckaudKq yd g ckaudKq

W! fuu ckaudKq ixfiapkfhka iEfok F1 cSúfhl=f.a m%fõKs o¾Yh ,shkak' Gg

T F₂ mrïmrdfõ cSùkaf.a m%fõKs o¾Y ,shkak' Gg yd gg yd GG

TS F₂ cSúhdf.a ckaudKq wdldr ,shkak' G yd g

t F2 mrïmrdfõ cSùkaf.a m%fõKs o¾Y wkQmd;h ,shkak' 

Gg  gg  GG

2      1      1

Human skull ans

1 ñksia iels,af,a m%Odk fldgia fol i|yka lrkak'

                   1  wdlaIl iels,a,      2 .d;%d iels,a,

2 my; oelafjk tajd we;=<;a jkafka ljr fldgigo@

 ysia ln,     wdlaIl iels,a,

 lfYarej     wdlaIl iels,a,

 m¾Y=         wdlaIl iels,a,

 .d;%d          .d;%d iels,a,

 fusL,d        .d;%d iels,a,

 Wr ;,h      .d;%d iels,a,

3 ysia lnf,a  m%Odk ld¾hhka ,shkak

fud<h wdjrKh yd wdrlaIdj ie,isu

wlaIs  $ wd>%dK wjhj $ueo lK yd we;=,q lKg wdrlaIdj ie,iSu

4'   ysia lnf,a meyeos,sj yoqkd.; yels m%foaY fol kus lrkak

                          1  lmd,h     2  jla;% 

5'   tla tla fldgfia wia:s lShla ne.ska ;sfns o@

                          lmd,h  8    jla;% 14   

6'  lmd,h idok tla tla wia:sfha msysgSu ,shkak

,,dgdia:sh  ----W;a;r mQ¾j

 lS,dia:sh  --------wOr uOH

Pso%ia:sh ---- lmd,h m;af,a

md¾Yaj lmd,  wia:sh ----lsrsgl iSjkshg msgq miska

wmr lmd,  wia:sh ---- wmrj md¾Yaj lmd,  wia:shg msgqmiska

YxLl wia:sh ----md¾Yajsl f,i

7 hq. jl%h iEoS we;af;a flfiao@

hq.dia:sfha YxLl m%irh YxLl wia:sfha hq. m%irh iu. iusnkaO jSfuka

8  hgsykqj iusnkaO jkafka ysia lnf,a l=uk ia:dkhg o@

   hq.  jl%fha wmrj yd wOrj we;s YxLl wfOdaykql ikaOshg

9 hgsykqj olajk p,k fudkjd o@

isria p,k –---- lg werSfus oS

;sria  p,k ---jslSfus oS

ysia lnf,a nyq,j m%ir olakg ,efnkafka ljr fldgfia o@

wOr mDIaGfha

10 '   my; ioyka m%ir j, lD;Hh ,shkak

      wmr lmd, ikaOdk w.%   wegs,ia lfYareldj iu. ikaOdkh $ ysia ln, lfYarej                             u; iu;=,s;j mj;ajd .ekSu$ ysi bosrshg keuSu p,kh

       uydPso%h      -----      iqIquskdj ioyd wjldY ie,iSu

      lS,dN m%irh    ---   fmaYs ksfjsYkhg

      pqpqldldr m%irh ---- lKg msgq miska we;s fn,af,a fmaYs ksfjsYkh

      hq. jl%h    -----       ykqfjs fmaYs ksfjsYkh

         ;=Kavdldr m%irh ---- hgs ykqfjs fmaYs yd nkaOkS ijsjSug

11  oajs;Shl ;,a, iEoS we;af;a ljr wia:s j,ska o@ tys ld¾hh ,shkak

W!¾Osj ykql wia:sh

;d,j wia:sh

kdia l=gSrh uqL l=yrfhka fjka lsrSu

12 '   rkao% f,i yoqkajkafka l=ula o@ m%Odk rkao% ioyka lrkak'tajd jeiS hdug                                 fldmuK l,la .; fjhs o@

           Wmf;aoS lmd,fha we;s uDoq mg,uh m%foaY

           1'  mQ¾j rkao%h – udi 8              2'    wmr rkao%h  udi 3                 

13 '   fldagrl hkq fudkjd o@  tajd olakg ,efnk wia:s j, ku ,shkak

         

         mlaIuOr wmspSPohlska wdia;rKh jQ jd;fhka msreKq wjldY

         ,,dgdia:sh  $lS,dia:sh  $Pso%ia:sh  $W¾OSjykql wia:sh

14 '   fldagrl j, ld¾hh ,shkak

        lgyv wkqkdo jSu $ lmd,fha nr wvq jSu

       

15'   iSjks f,i yoqkajkafka l=ula o@ tys jeo.;alu ,shkak

         ysia lnf,a we;s p,kh l< fkdyels ikAOs

        ore m%iQ;sfha oS lmd,hg iaj,am f,i yels,Sug bv  i,ihs'

 

    

Water potential ans

tallh 6

mrsjykh

1 tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a iaa:dkhlg c, wKq mrsjykh jkafka l=ula ksid o@

tu wKqj, mj;sk pd,l Yla;sh ksid

2 .x.d c,h yd wdi%e; c,h w;frka Wmrsu pd,l Yla;shla we;af;a oS we;s o%djK j,ska ljrl o@

wvq pd,l Yla;shg fya;=j ,shkak

wdi%e; c,h

o%%djH whk iu. c, wKq idok wka;¾ wKql n, ksid c, wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh wvq jSu

3 c, wKq j, iuia; pd,l Yla;sh fya;=fjka tu wKq j,g ld¾hh lsrsfus yelshdj $Odrs;dj ljr w.hlska uek.; yels o@

c, jsNjh

4 c, jsNjh jevslr .; yels l%uhla ,shkak

msvkh jevslsrSfuka

WIaK;ajh jevs lsrSfuka

5 frdaysfhda wmsp¾uSh isjs lsishus idkao%Khla we;s o%djKhlg fhdod wkajslaIfhka ksrslaIKh l<fyd;a Tn oelSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk ksrslaIK ,shkak

iuyr ffi, Y+k f,i mej;Su

iuyr ffi, jsY+k f,i mej;Su

6 tys hus ffi,hla jsY+k nj Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

frdai $ous j¾Kh jHma; jsu taldldrS fkdjSu $ma,diau mg,h ffi, ns;a;sfhka wE;ajS ;snSu j¾Kl jHma;sh wkqj fidhd.; yelsh

7 ffi,hla jsY+k jkafka wehs@

ffi,fhka msg;g c,h .uka lsrSu ksid $ndysrdi%e;sh ksid

8 tys c, jsNjh jevs ia:dkh l=ula o@

iSsks o%djKfha

9 ma,diau mg,h yd rsla;l mg,h wdka;r mdr.uH $ jrK mdr.uH njla fmkajhs kus fuu isoqjSu ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

ndysrdi%e;sh

10 ish¿u ffi, taldldrs fjkila fkdfmkajkafka wehs@

tla tla ffi,fha hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjhka w.hhka wiudk ksid

1 c,h ;=, p,kh jk wKq we; tys wvx.= Yla;sh ljr kulska ye|skafjhs o@

pd,l Yla;sh

2 c,h r;a lrk jsg wKqj, fjs.hg l=ula isoq fjhs o@ tys m%;sM,h l=ula o@

pd,l Yla;sh jevsjsu

ld¾hh lsrsfus yelshdj jevs jSu

3 mssrsisoq c, Ndckhl ^wdi%e; c,h & c, wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh Wmrsu fjhs tfy;a ,qKq o%jKh r;al< jsg tys ;dmdxlh jevsfjhs $ c, wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh wvq fjhs 'ta l=ula ksido@

m%n, wka;ra wKql n, yg .ekSu ksid c, wKq j, pd,l Yla;sh wvq jsu

iuia; c, wKq j, pd,l Yla;sh fhdod .ksuska ld¾hhla isoql< yelsh' c,jsNj;dj f,i y|qkajkafka th ueksh yels Odrs;djls'

4 c, jsNj;dj jevs w.hla .kafka ljr o%djKhl o@

wdi%e; c,fha

5 c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkhl yd c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh kus lrkak

c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkhl ----- wdi%e; c,h

c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh -----nSchl we;s ffi,

6 i;aj ffi,hla wdi%e; c,hg fhoQ jsg c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkh yd c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh kus lrkak

c, wKq idkao%kh jevss ia:dkh ----- wdi%e; c,h

c, wKq idkao%kh wvq ia:dkh ----- i;aj ffi,

7 i;aj ffi,hla c,hg fhoQ jsg c, .uk isoqjkafka ljr osYdjg o@ wjidkfha l=ula isoqfjhs o@

ffi,h ;=,g

8 wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla yryd isoqjk c,h .uka lsrsu y|qkajk ku ,shkak'

wdi%e;sh

9 wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla fjkqjg ffi, ns;a;shla mej;=ks kus th yryd isoqjk c,h .uka lsrsu y|qkajk ku ,shkak

jsirKh

ialkaO m%jdyh

10 c, jsNjh jevs ia:dkhl isg c, jsNjh wvq ia:dkhla olajd c,h .uka lsrSu iEu jsgu isoqfjhs kus pd,l Yla;sh fjkia l< yels$ c, jsNj;dj fjkia l< yels l%u my; ksrslaIk w;frka f;darkak WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSu u.ska $ mSvkh u.ska $ idkao%Kh fjkia lsrSu $c,ldus o%jH mej;Su

1 r;a lrk jsg c,h jdIamslrKh jevsjSu ------- WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSu u.ska

11 tkak;a lsrsfuaoS isrskac Ndjs; lrhs -----mSvkh fjkia lsrSu u.ska

111 jsh<s nSc fmÕjSu i|yd c,h jssYd, mrsudjla fhoSug isoq fjhs ------c,lduS o%jH mej;Su

1 v jsh<s usos c,hg oeuQ jsg mrsudj jevsfjhs---------c,ldus o%jH mej;Su

iSks o%djKh 0.2M 0.1M wdi%e; c,h

c, jsNjh lsf,da meial,a -540 -260 0

11 Wmrsu c, jsNj w.h ψ / psi we;af;a l=ul o@tys w.h lSh o@

wdi%e; c,fha

0

12 o%djH m%udKh jevsjk jsg l=ula isoqfjhso@

c, jsNjh wvqfjhs'

13 0.2M o%djKfha idkao%Kh fya;= fldg f.k c,jsNjh fldmuK m%udKhlska wvqjs ;sfns o@

lsf,da meial,a 280

14 o%djKhl idkao%Kh fya;= fldg f.k c,jsNj fjkiajk m%udKh o%djH jsNjh kus fjhs 0.1M o%djKfha tu w.h lsho@

lsf,da meial,a 260

15 isrskachlg wdi%e; c,h fhdod msiagkh ;o l<jsg c,jsNjhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

jevsfjhs'

16 c,lduS o%jH f,i .efkkafka ta.d¾ fm%dagsk jeks o%jHhkah ksmdkh f,i ye|skafjkafka tjeks ixfhda. u.ska isoqlrk c,h wOsfYdaIkh jSu ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula fjhs o@

jevsfjhs'

17 .=re;ajh fyda msvkh ksid c,h p,kh jsu ialkaO m%jdyh kus fjhs tjeks wjia:djlg WodyrK ,shkak wxl 10 wjia:do Ndjs; l< yelsh

.x.djl c,h .,d hdu

1 Ydl ffi,hl ffi, ma,diaufha wka;¾.;h ,shkak

fm%dagSk $c,h $

2 Ydl ffi,hl c,fha o%djH M, we;af;a fld;ek o@jevs wjldYhla mqrd me;srS we;af;a ljr bkaos%ldjla o@

hqI rsla;lfha

3 wkajSlaIfhka iEu Ydl ffi,hl rsla;lh ksrslaIKh l< yelso@ tjekas ffi,hl rsla;lfha wka;¾.; jsh hq;af;a fudkjdo@

fkdyelsh'

wekaf;dihkska jeks jraKl

4ffi,hl m%d:usl ns;a;sh ljr .=Kdx. fmkajhs o@

m%;Hia:hs'

mdr.uHhs'

5 ffi,h ;=, c, jsyjh wvq jSug fya;=jk isoaOska fudkjd o@

hqI rsla;lfha idkao%Kh wvq jSu'

ffi,h ;=,g c,h we;=,q jSu'

6 wdi%e; c,hg fujeks ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, jsNj fjkig wkqj idfmalaIj c, wKq p,kh

jsu l=uk osYdjlg isoq jsh yels o@

ffi,h ;=,g

7 wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla yryd isoqlrk fuu ls%hdj,sh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

wka;rdi%e;sh

8 ffi,hl we;s tjeks wdka;r mdr.uH mg, fudkjd o@ tys ,laIK ,shkak

ma,diau mg,h

ish,q bkaos%ld jgd we;s mg,

9 lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s c,hg fujeks ffi,hla oeuQ jsg wdi%e;sh ksid c,h we;=¿ ljr osYdjlg o@

ffi,fha isg msg;g

10 tjeks mrsirhl jefvk Ydl j,g c,h we;=¿ jkafka l=ula yryd o@

11 wjfYdaIKh lrk c, m%udKh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u; o@

12 uQ, flaY ffi, ;=, c, jsNjh yd mdxY= c,fha c, jsNjh w;r mj;sk c, jsNj fjki jevsjk jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

13 lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s Ydl fus i|yd ljr wkqj¾;k fmkajhs o@

c, jsNj fjki jevs lr f.k we;

14 rsla;lh ;=,g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha uq,skau we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

rsla;lfha mrsudj jevs jSu

15 hqI rsla;lfha o%djH jS we;s ,jK ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

wvq fjhs' iDK w.hla we;s fjhs'

o%djH idkao%Kh ksid wvq jk c, jsNj w.h y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

o%djH jsNjh

16 ffi,fha mrsudj jevsjk jsg ffi, ns;a;sh u; iam¾Y jkafka l=ula o@

ma,diau mg,h

17 tysoS ffi, ns;a;sh u; ma,diau mg,fhka we;s lrk msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

Y=k;d mSvkh $TP

18 tjsg ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk m%;Hia: n,mEu l=ula o@ tu msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

ffi, ns;a;sfhka m%dla ma,diagh fj;g thg iudk m%;sjsreoaO n,hla we;s lsrSu

WP /ns;= mSvkh

19 ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk msvkh ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

w.h jevs fjhs'

20 msvkh fya;=fldg f.k c, jsNjfha we;sjk fjkia jSu y|qkajk ku ,shkak

mSvk jsNjh $ ψ_p

21 fus wkqj ffi,hla ;=,g c,h we;=¿jSfus yelshdj ψ_cell w.h ljr jsNj w.hhka u; r|d mj;S o@

ψ_{P +} ψ_s u;

22 hus wjia:djloS ffi,h ;=,g c,h we;=¿jsu wekysgshs tu wjia:dfjs mj;sk ffi,h y|qkajk ku ,shkak tysoS ,efnk w.h lSho@

Y=kHhs' $0

23 tjsg ψ_P yd ψ_s w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

ψ_cell= ψ_{P +} ψ_s

24 o%djH jsNjh jevs idkao% o%djKhlg Y+k ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, .uk ljr osYdjlg isoq fjhs o@ tu ld¾hdj,sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

ffi, ;=, isg msg;g

wka;rdi%e;sh

25 rsla;lfhka bj;g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

ffi,fha mrsudj wvq jSu

26 ffi, ns;a;sfhka ma,diau mg,h wE;ajSu wdrusN lrk wjia:dj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdrusNl jsY=k;dj

27 tu wjia:dfjs w.h 0 jkafka l=ul o@

_ψP

28 tysoS ffi,fha c, jsNjh iudk jkafka l=ulg o@

ψ_{cell =} ψ_s

o%djKhl fu!,sl;dj okakd jsg j.=jla u.ska tys c, jsNjh yd o%djH jsNjh fidhd .; yelsh’

29 hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjhg iudk c, jsNjhla iys; o%djKhlg ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, mrsudj fjkia fjhs o

mrsudj fjkia fkdfjs'

30 tjeks o%djK y|qkajk ku ,shkak

iudNsidrl o%djKh

31 fuu w.hg jvd iq¿ fyda idkao%K jevs lsrSula o%djKfha we;s l< jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

ndysrdi%e;sh wrUhs'

32 iuyr ffi,j, fuu wjia:dj m%dfhda.slj ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh ta l=ula ksid o@ WodyrK fokak

hqI rsla;lfha oshjQ wekaf;dihkSka j¾Klh we;sjsg ffi, ns;a;sfhka th wE;sjSu ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh'

33 fujeks mglhla iSks o%djKhlg oud wkajSlaIhlska mrSlaId l< fyd;a l=ula ksrslaIKh lsrSug yels fjhs o@

jsY=k ffi, fukau Y=k ffi, olakg ,enSu'

34 thg fya;=j ,shkak'

tla tla ffi,fha hqI rsla;lfha o%djH jsNj iudk fkdjSu'

35 frdaysfhda wmsp¾u ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSfus oS u;=jk m%dfhda.sl .eg¿j l=ula o@

mglhl we;s ffi,j, c,jsNj w.hka iudk fkdjSu'

tla ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSug wiSre fjhs tu ksid mglfha udOHkH c,jsNjh fijsu isoq lrhs

mglfha udOHkH c,jsNj w.h f,i ,nd .kafka l=ula o@

mglfha we;s ffi,j,ska ishhg mkyla jsY=k;djh fmkajk wod, iSks o%djKfha c, jsNjh

fidhd .ekSfuka

jsY=k;d m%;sY; w.h 50la jk mglh wh;a o%djKfha fu!,sl;djh fidhd j.=jla wOdrfhka tu o%djKfha c, jsNjh fidhd .eksu

37 jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s iqlafrdaia o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

frdaysfhd hgsa wmsp¾uSh isjs .,jd tla tla o%djKhg fhoSu'

38 jskdvs 20 ld,hla iu;=,s; jSug ;enSfuka miq l=ula l< hq;= o@

wKajSlaI o¾YK m:hg wh;a jk uq,q ffi, .Kk;a jsY=k ffi, .Kk;a fidhd .ekSu'

39 jsY+k;d m%;sY;h fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej 50% la jsY+k ;d m%;sY;h fidhd .kafka flfia o@

jsY=k ffi, .Kk « 100

uq,q ffi, .Kk

40 .y, Colocasia fyda ynr, Alocasia jDka;hla isria w;g jsIalusNh $iuus;sl wlaIh Tiafia m,d ,efnk 4cm fldgila jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ;nkak

ljr fjkia jsula Tng ksrslaIKh l< yels o@

jl%;djla we;sjSu

41 W;a;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@ wj;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@

uDoq ia;r ffi, --W;a;, mDIaGh

wmsp¾uh ----wj;, mDIaGh

jl%;djhg fya;=j ,shkak

wmsp¾u ffi,j, g idfmalaIj ndysl ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu $os. jevsjSu

ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu g ljr isoqjSula fya;= fjhs o@

wmsp¾uhg iuSm ffi, j,g jvd W;a;, mDIaGfha ffi, j,ska c,h bj;ajSu ksid ffi, c, jsNj w.h jevs fjhs' hdno ffi, j,ska c,h Wrd .ekSu ksid mrsudj jevsfjhs'

43 fuu c, .ukh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdi%e;sh

jsirKh

44 l=uk m%foaYfha ffi,j, c,jsNjh wvq fjhs o@ thg fya;=j ,shkak

45 wmsp¾ufha c,h jdIamjSfus is>%;dj wvq wehs@

tys msg; mDIaGfha mj;sk bgs Wpsp¾uh;a wmsp¾u ffi,j, ns;a;sfha lshqgSka mej;Su;a ksid

tu ffi, c,hg wmdr.uH fjhs'

46 fujeks ynr, ms;s fldgil jl%;dj fjkia fjhs o hkak fidhd .eksug m%:ufhka l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

o%djKh ;=, usks;a;= 30 iu;=,s; jQ miq kej; yevh igyka lsrSu'

47 fojkqj fidhd .; hq;af;a l=ula o@

jl% mdIaGfha uOH ,laIh fijSu' kQ,la Ndjs;fhka

48 jl% mDIaGfha uOH ,laIh fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej Tn l+ula l< hq;+ fjhs o@

uOH ,laIh;a wmsp¾ufha odrh fl<jr;a hd lr ta w;r fldaKh uekSu'

49 lsishus o%djKhl c, jsNjh ffi,fha c,jsNjhg iudk fjhs kus Tn l=ula wfmalaId lrkafka o@

jl%;djfha fjkila fkdjSu'

50 fujeks mrslaIKhloS o%djKh f,i l=ula Ndjs; l< yels o@

iqlafrdaia o%djKh

51 jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq lrkafka ljrla o@

lvodishla u; ;nd wdrusNl yevh igyka l< ynr, ms;s fldgi o%djK j,g fhoSu'

52 mdGdxl f,i l=ula ,nd .; hq;= o@

o%djKhg fhoSug fmr yd miq jl%;d fjki

53 ks.uk ,nd .eksug kus l=ula l< hq;= o@

o%djKfha idkao%Kh yd jl%;d fjki w;r m%ia;drhla we|Su'

,efnk f¾Ldj X wlaIh fPokh lrk ia:dkfha o%djKhg wh;a fu!,sl;dj fijsu yd j.=jla u.ska c, jsNjh fijSu

55 mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd jevs c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

jl%;dj wvq jSu'

56 mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd wvq c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@ ta wehs@

Wmrs wNsidrl o%djK j,oS ynr, ms;s j, jl%;dj jevs jSu

57 c,h bj;a jsu isoqjkafka s jkafka wehs@

lergs j, wdydr ixps; lrk ,o uqoqka uqf,a mgl fyda w¾;dm,a wdlkao mgl j, c, jsNjh fijsug fuu l%uh fhdod .kshs tfy;a ta i|yd fhdod .kakd w¾;dm,a is,skavr $ ;Sre j, ljr fjkia jsula ta i|yd Ndjs; l< yels o@

;Sre j, os. uekSu fyda ialkaOh uekSu

58 tu ;sre j, os. jevs jkafka wehs@

ffi, j, mrsudj jevs jk jsg

59 ta i|yd ffi, ;=, mj;sk c, jsNj w.h l=ula jsh hq;= o@

wvq jsh hq;=h'

60 mglfha c, jsNjhg iudk c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g w¾;dm,a is,skavr fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

osf.ys fjkila we;s fkdfjhs'